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Charles Darwin• Proposed a way how
evolution works– How did creatures
change over time?– by natural selection
• Collected a lot of evidence to support his ideas – 1809-1882– British naturalist
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Charles Darwin
• English naturalist• 1831- Began 5 year voyage on HMS Beagle – Traveled to various places in South America and
to the Galapagos Islands– Detailed his observations, took specimens– Concluded that all living things are related• VERY CONTROVERSIAL
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Galapagos Turtles
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1859- The Origin of Species
• Other naturalists were developing the same theory that Darwin did.
• Even though he was afraid of the Church’s reaction to his book he wanted to get credit for his work.
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What did Darwin’s Travels reveal
• The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone had previously known!!
• These observations led him to develop the theory of evolution by natural selection!!
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2006-2007
Insect eaters
Bud eater
Seed eaters
Cactuseater
Warbler
finch
Tree
finc
hes Ground finches
Darwin & Evolution by Natural Selection
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Robert Fitzroy
Voyage of the HMS Beagle• Invited to travel around the world– 1831-1836 (22 years old!)– makes many observations of nature
• main mission of the Beagle was to chart South American coastline
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Voyage of the HMS Beagle• Stopped in Galapagos Islands– 500 miles off coast of Ecuador
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GalapagosRecently formed volcanic islands. Most of animals on the Galápagos live nowhere else in world, but they look like species living on South American mainland.
800 km west of Ecuador
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Many of Darwin’s observations made him wonder… Why?
Darwin asked:
Why were these creatures found only on the Galapagos Islands?
Darwin found…many unique species
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present day Armadillos
Darwin found:
Evidence that creatures have changed over time
ancient Armadillo
Darwin asked:
Why should extinct armadillos & modern armadillos be found on same continent?
Darwin found…clues in the fossils
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Darwin found:Different shells on tortoises on different islands
Darwin asked:
Is there a relationship between the environment & what an animal looks like?
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Finch? Sparrow?
Woodpecker? Warbler?
Darwin found… birds
Finch? Sparrow?
Woodpecker? Warbler?
Darwin found:Many different birds on the Galapagos Islands.
He thought he found very different kinds…
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Darwin was amazed to find out: All 14 species of birds were finches…
Finch? Sparrow?
Woodpecker? Warbler?
Finch? Sparrow?
Woodpecker? Warbler?
But Darwin found… a lot of finches
Large ground finch
Small ground finch
Warbler finch Tree finch
But there is only one species of finch on the mainland! Darwin asked:
If the Galapagos finches came from the mainland, why are they so different now?
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Finch? Sparrow?
Woodpecker? Warbler?
The finches cinched it!
Large ground finch
Small ground finch
Warbler finch Tree finch
Big seed eater Small seed eater
Insect eater Leaf & bud eater
Darwin said:
Ahaaaa! A flock of South American finches were stranded on the Galapagos…
Darwin found: The differences between species of finches were associated with the different food they ate.
different beaks are inherited variations
serve as adaptationsthat help birds compete for food
these birds survive & reproduce
pass on the genes for those more fit beaks
over time nature selected for different species with different beaks
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Relationship between species (beaks) & food
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Darwin’s finches• Darwin’s conclusions – variations in beaks • differences in beaks in the original flock• adaptations to foods available on islands
– natural selection for most fit• over many generations, the finches were selected for
specific beaks & behaviors
– offspring inherit successful traits• accumulation of winning traits:
both beaks & behaviors
– separate into different species
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Warbler finch
Woodpecker finch
Small insectivorous
tree finchLarge
insectivoroustree finch
Vegetariantree finch
Cactus finch
Sharp-beaked finch
Small groundfinch
Mediumground finch
Large groundfinch
Insect eaters
Bud eater
Seed eaters
Cactuseater
Warbler
finch
Tree
finc
hes Ground finches
variation natural selection for best survival & reproduction
From 1 species to 14 species…
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Lamarck - Theory of acquired traits
• Organisms develop traits during their lifetime and pass on those traits to their offspring
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Malthus
• Reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone
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• LaMarck– evolution by acquired traits
• creatures developed traits during their lifetime
• give those traits to their offspring
– example• in reaching higher
leaves giraffes stretch their necks & give the acquired longer neck to offspring
– not accepted as valid
Earlier ideas on Evolution
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Darwin’s view of Evolution• Darwin– giraffes that already
have long necks survive better
– leave more offspring who inherit their long necks• variation• selection & survival• reproduction &
inheritance of more fit traits
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Darwin’s Postulates
• There is variation among individuals
• Like begets like (traits are inherited)
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Postulates cont’d
• Some individuals are most successful at surviving and reproducing than others
• Survival and reproductive success are not random – some characteristics enhance probability of success
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Upshot of Darwin’s Postulates
• Those characteristics more common in next generations
=CHANGE
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Artificial Selection • nature provides variation, humans select
variations that are useful. • Example - a farmer breeds only his best
livestock
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Natural Selection
• The traits that help an organism survive in a particular environment are “selected” in natural selection.
• “Survival of the fittest”
Peppered Moth
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Natural Selection and Species Fitness
• Overtime, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population.
• These changes increase a species fitness (survival rate)
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Evidence for Evolution
• Homologous Structures
• Embryology
• Fossil Record
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Homologous Structures
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Embryology
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Fossil Record