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Charkhi Dadri Mid‐Air Collision (1996)
• November 12, 1996, Aviation History’s worst mid‐air collision.• Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 collided with Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763• killing all 349 people on board both planes.• Root cause of the disaster was communications difficulties in the Kazakhstani
plane.• None of the Kazakhstani flight crew, except the radio operator, understood
English.
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Pilot’s Perspective
Sustaining Language Proficiency
By
Yousaf HashmiHorizon International Flight Academy
UAE
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OVERVIEW
• Brief History of Horizon
• English Language Proficiency
• Horizon’s strategies
• Conclusion
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HORIZON AT A GLANCE • Owned by Mubadala
• Inception in 2002 as a GCAA approved Rotary Wing Training Organization
• First batch of RW students graduated in 2003
• Fixed Wing Training started in 2007
• Total Students (to date) : more than 1500 (RW & FW)
• JAR Approval in 2010
• EASA Approval June 2015
• Approved ISO 9001 : 2008
• Aviation English Training and ELP Testing since 2010
• ELPAC approval by Euro Control in 2015.
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Horizon Family
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ELT & ELP TESTING AT HORIZON
• Horizon identified a great demand for ELT in the aviation industry
• Started ELT and ELP testing in 2010
• Evolved into a very important element of Horizon Training.
• Offers Basic English Language Training (ELT) and English for Specific Purposes (ESP) i.e. Aviation English
• Provides ELP testing.
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY
ELP
ACQUIRE SUSTAIN
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AQUIRING ELP
Aviation Training
L1 Native English
Speaker
L2 Non‐Native English Speaker
ICAO LEVEL 6
ICAO LEVEL 5/6
Weak ELP
ESP
ICAO LEVEL 4
High ELP
ELT
Aviation Training
Aviation TrainingESP
No significant gain in ELP
Duration needs to be identified
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SUSTAINING ELP
ICAO LEVEL 6
• Validity period• Accountability
• Non Standard RTC• Slang• Diverse Accents• Idiomatic expressions• Intonations
ICAO LEVEL 5
Weak ELP
ICAO LEVEL 4
Validity 3 Years
No regulation if L4 continue
High ELP
L2 Non‐Native English Speaker
L1 Native English
Speaker
L2 Non‐Native English Speaker
• Good language skills• Good RTC skill• Will have more tendency to adhere
to standard RTC
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POTENTIAL PROBLEM
ICAO LEVEL 6
Weak ELP
ICAO LEVEL 4
L1 Native English
Speaker
L2 Non‐Native English Speaker
Communicate
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IMPLICATIONS OF LOW ELP
Low ELP poses a potential hazard for safety in terms of:
• RTC
• Professional Aviation training• Flight crew• ATC• Engineers and Technicians• Ground handling staff
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ELP Vs TRAINING & SAFETY
ELP
THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE TRAINING
FLIGHT TRAINING
ELP
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY
Holistic Perspective
Design and Development Training Testing
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DESIGN
Limitations resulting from mass produced curriculums:
• One size fits all concept• Aviation English designed to address candidates with
higher ELP levels (generally CEFR B1)• Most programmes do not cater for target demographics
and cultural sensitivity.• Important pre‐requisite for ESP: “Needs Analysis” is missing• Scenario based designs that may not be applicable.• Most focus on fixed wing
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ICAO GUIDELINES
ICAO Doc 9835 Chapter 4Page 4‐9
Memorization of ICAO phraseologies alone does not constitute language proficiency and aviation English training should not be limited to phraseologies.
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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
MODULES
ELT ESP
AdvancedFoundation
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Design
ELT
SKILLS• Listening• Reading• Speaking• Writing
Aviation EnglishSYSTEM
• Vocabulary• Grammar
Aviation terminology
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY
Holistic Perspective
Design and Development Training Testing
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE TRAININGLimitations and issues:
• Lack of regulatory framework• Pre‐entry level• Training duration and requirements• ICAO Level 4 minimum at the time of issuance of aircrew license
• Fossilized Errors• ELT Instructors
• Native speaker???• Qualification• Experience• Lack of appreciation and sympathy (for/from)
• Customer approach• No regulations for Non‐licensed flight crew training • “Language training providers encounter unrealistic
expectations on the part of clients and sponsors who want short term language training solutions, a “magic bullet” for language learning.” ICAO Doc 9835 Page 4‐11
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EXISTING MODEL
FLIGHT TRAININGTHEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
ICAO LEVEL 4
3 YEARS
NO ELP PREQUISITE
COGNATIVE OVERLOADING
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HORIZON MODEL
FLIGHT TRAININGTHEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
ICAO LEVEL 4
Pre‐ EntryELP
CheckIELTS/TOEFL
YESESP
ELT
Significant ELP improvement is not expected during aviation training. Part time ELT/ESP to be provided to avoid digression.
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY
Holistic Perspective
Design and Development Training Testing
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ELP TESTINGLimitations and Issues:
• Most of the tests being used are: • Not ICAO approved• Not all tests require the evaluators to be formally trained and
approved.
• Regulatory authorities accept test even if its not approved by ICAO
• ICAO Level 4 validity period needs to be revised• ICAO Testing scales leave a room for margin• ICAO Level 6 criteria; a potential risk for RTC?
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POTENTIAL CONFLICT
ICAO RATING SCALE
LEVEL 6
VOCABULARYVocabulary is idiomatic, nuanced and sensitive to register.
ICAO Doc 9835 Part II A‐7
CHAPTER 3 LINGUISTIC AWARENESS
Pilots and Controllers should:• Avoid jargon, slang, and
idiomatic expressions• Be clear, concise, and direct• Speak slowly and clearly
ICAO Doc 9835 Page 3‐1
ICAO Doc 9835 Appendix E Page E‐13 Para 3.6.1Gives an account of RTC between two native English speakers using non‐standard language and causing stress on non‐native listeners on the same frequency
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OUR STRENGTHS IN ELT• Qualified and Experienced Instructors
• Aviation Background
• Indigenously designed and developed unique Aviation English program, tailor made for our customers, based on “Needs Analysis”
• Ability to customize and design ESP program to customer requirements
• Feedback system to continuously monitor training effectiveness and identifying areas for improvement
• Work in close harmony with flying department to cater for student needs.
• Measurable improvements in our students.
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VALUE ADDED FEATURE
• In March 2015 Horizon achieved approval by EURO CONTROL as a English Language Proficiency Test center.
• In October 2015 Horizon got GCAA approval for ELPAC
ELPAC
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Blended Learning
CLASS ROOM LEARNING TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES
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HORIZON ELT TEAM
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EXTERNALLY VERIFIED STUDENT PROGRESS
Group of 20 Students
English Comprehension Test (ECT) Score Average = 39
Horizon ELT + ESP training = 1100 hours (average)
After HIFA ELT/ESP programme ECT Score Average = 70
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CONCLUSION• Global Harmonization for ELT and testing systems• More regulatory oversight of ELT and ELP Testing• Level 4 validity needs to be revised• Mandatory to enhance Level 4 to 5 after 3 re‐validations• Level 6 training to be ensured for effective communicative
interaction with low ELP ( Pilot‐ATC )• Minimum Level 4 requirement for all aviation personnel
involved with RTC of any sort, e.g. Fire fighters, Mechanical Sweepers, airport security personnel etc
• Refresher RTC course before re‐validation of ELP test, including Level 6
• All other aviation personnel to acquire a minimum basic ELP