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Characterizing Source EmissionsCharacterizing Source Emissions
John G. Watson ([email protected])Judith C. Chow
Desert Research InstituteReno, NV, USA
Presented at
The Worsho! on Air "ua#it$ %ana&e'ent,%easure'ent, %ode#in&, and ea#th **ects
Uni+ersit$ o* a&re-, a&re-, roatia
/0 %a /112
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ObjectivesObjectives
3Re+iew !ast and current sourcesa'!#in& 'ethods *or P%
e'ission rates and source!ro*i#es
3I##ustrate recent testin&!rotoco#s *or di#ution sa'!#in&s$ste's
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Important Emissions SourcesImportant Emissions Sources3 4u&iti+e dust *ro' wind erosion, a&ricu#tura# acti+ities,
construction, stora&e !i#es, and +ehic#e tra**ic on !a+ed andun!a+ed roads.
3 Ducted e5haust *ro' industria# *aci#ities (e.&., coa#6 and oi#6*ired !ower stations, s'e#tin&, ce'ent !#ants, che'ica#!#ants, !etro#eu' e5traction and re*inin&, ass
'anu*acturin&, !a!er 'ain&, shi!!in&).3 Vehic#e e5haust *ro' cars, trucs, 'otorc$c#es, and -uses.
3 7urnin& and cooin& *ro' sto+es, char-roi#ers, trash, *orest*ires, and a&ricu#tura# -urnin&.
3 A''onia *ro' ani'a# hus-andr$ and *erti#i8ation.
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Important Emissions CharacteristicsImportant Emissions Characteristics
3 Emissions Rate:
A'ount e'itted !er unit ti'e or unit o* acti+it$.
3 Particle Size:Deter'ines trans!ort and de!osition !ro!erties.
3 Chemical Composition:
4ractiona# a-undance o* &aseous and !articu#ate che'ica#co'!onents in e'issions. Used to s!eciate in+entor$ and toa!!ortion a'-ient concentrations to sources.
3 Temporal Variation:'issions chan&e on dai#$, wee#$, seasona#, and annua#
c$c#es. Ti'in& o* e'issions a**ects at'os!heric trans!ortand di#ution as we## as hu'an e5!osure to outdoor air!o##ution.
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Emissions are Measured for DifferentEmissions are Measured for Different
PurposesPurposes3 Certification:Veri*$ that a !rocess desi&n is ca!a-#e o* achie+in&e'issions -e#ow a re&u#ated #i'it. (e.&., 4TP en&ine tests)
3 Compliance:Deter'ine that in6use !rocesses are within !er'itted
+a#ues (e.&., +ehic#e s'o& tests, !eriodic stac tests,o!acit$ tests)
3 Emissions tradin:Re#ate actua# e'issions to a##owances (e.&., continuous
S9/
'onitors).3 Emission in!entories:
Rea#6wor#d e'issions *or !o##ution !#annin&.
3 Source apportionment:
S!eciated e'issions *or source and rece!tor 'ode#in&.
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3Emissions measured for one
purpose are t"picall"inaccurate for otherpurposes#
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Emissions ModelEmissions Model
o'!onent i e'issions *#u5es :
;ij *raction o* co'!onent i in source j
5 e'ission *actor ('ass
5 =contro# e**icienc$>
5 =te'!ora# !ro*i#e>
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PM Source ProfilesPM Source Profiles
O r g a n i c C a r b o n
E l e .
C a r b o n
A l u m i n u m
S i l i c o n
P h o s p o r u s
S u l f u r
C h l o r i n e
P o t a s s i u m
C a l c i u m
T i t a n i u m
V a n a d i u m
C h r o m i u m
M a n g a n e s e
I r o n
N i c e l
C o p p e r
! i n c
A r s e n i c
S e l e n i u m
" r o m i n e
S t r o n t i u m
# e a d
Chemical Compound
A b u n d a n c e ( % )
0.001
0.01
0.1
C h l o r i d e
N i t r a t e
S u l f a t e
A m m o n i u m
S o l . P o t a s
O r g a n i c C a r b o n
E l e . C a r b o n
A l u m i n u m
S i l i c o n
P h o s p o r u s S u l f u r
C h l o r i n e
P o t a s s i u m
C a l c i u m
T i t a n i u m
V a n a d i u m
C h r o m i u m
M a n g a n e s e I r
o n
N i c e l
C o p p e r ! i
n c
A r s e n i c
S e l e n i u m
" r o m i n e
S t r o n t i u m # e
a d
Chemical Comound
A b u n d a
oad!us
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
C h l o r i d e
N i t r a t e
S u l f a t e
A m m o n i u m
S o l . P o t a s
O r g a n i c C a r b o n
E l e . C a r b o n
A l u m i n u m
S i l i c o n
P h o s p o r u s S u l f u r
C h l o r i n e
P o t a s s i u m
C a l c i u m
T i t a n i u m
V a n a d i u m
C h r o m i u m
M a n g a n e s e I r o n
N i c e l
C o p p e r ! i n c
A r s e n i c
S e l e n i u m
" r o m i n e
S t r o n t i u m # e
a d
Chemical Comoun
A b u n d
a n c e
Coal"#ired$o%er $lant
S o l . P o t a s
O r g a n i c C a r b o n
E l e . C a r b o n
A l u m i n u m
S i l i c o n
P h o s p o r u s S u l f u r
C h l o r i n e
P o t a s s i u m
C a l c i u m
T i t a n i u m
V a n a d i u m
C h r o m i u m
M a n g a n e s e I r
o n
N i c e l
C o p p e r ! i n c
A r s e n i c
S e l e n i u m
" r o m i n e
S t r o n t i u m # e a d
Chemical Comound
A b u n
d a n c e ( % )
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Emissions Rates!actorsEmissions Rates!actors"PM"PM#$#$% PM% PM&'(&'(% SO% SO&&% )O% )O**% )+% )+,,--
3 E$istin ridded in!entories: s!ecia#i8ed 'ode#in& studies
3 Emissions factor models:htt!?
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Inventor. /IS 0ctivit. 1a.ersInventor. /IS 0ctivit. 1a.ers
3 %and use and terrain: &eo#o&ica# sur+e$, sate##ite
3 Population: ensus
3 Roadwa"s: ensus, 'a!!in& co'!anies
3 Soil and coal t"pes: Soi# onser+ation Ser+ice
3 &uel !olumes and
composition: sa#es records, ta5es, certi*icationtests
3 %iht'mediumcommercial(industrial: ensus, stoc #istin&s
3 %are point sources:
ensus, !roduction records
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Important Sources of Primar. PMImportant Sources of Primar. PM
and Secondar. Precursorsand Secondar. Precursors
3 P) 4u&iti+e dust *ro' wind erosion, a&ricu#tura# acti+ities,construction, stora&e !i#es, and +ehic#e tra**ic on !a+ed and un!a+edroads.
3 P)* +,$* V,C* S,- Ducted e5haust *ro' industria# *aci#ities (e.&.,
coa#6 and oi#6*ired !ower stations, s'e#tin&, ce'ent !#ants, che'ica#!#ants, !etro#eu' e5traction and re*inin&, ass 'anu*acturin&,!a!er 'ain&, shi!!in&).
3 P)* +,$* V,C* S,- Vehic#e e5haust *ro' cars, trucs,
'otorc$c#es, and -uses.
3 P)* V,C 7urnin& and cooin& *ro' sto+es, char-roi#ers, trash,*orest *ires, and a&ricu#tura# -urnin&.
3 +/ Ani'a# hus-andr$ and *erti#i8ation.
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Source CharacterizationSource Characterization
Measurement MethodsMeasurement Methods3 %a0orator" suspension:
Dust or residue sa'!#es resus!ended in #a-orator$ cha'-er.
3 Source'dominated samplin: Sa'!#es taen at #ocations and ti'es when a sine sourcedo'inates a'-ient concentrations.
3 Vehicle d"namometer testin: Si'u#ate dri+in& c$c#es on *i5ed ro##er.
3 Vehicle on'road testin: Roadside or tunne#, inte&rated orindi+idua# +ehic#e sa'!#es
3 1iluted duct samplin: Sa'!#es drawn into a&in& cha'-er and coo#ed with c#ean air.
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1aborator. Dust Resuspension1aborator. Dust Resuspension
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Source2Dominated SamplingSource2Dominated SamplingUnpaved Road Dust EmissionsUnpaved Road Dust Emissions
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Road Dust EmissionsRoad Dust Emissions
3Use TRAR (Testin& Re6entrained Aeroso# inetic
'issions *ro' Roads) +ehic#eto 'a! road dust e'issions.
3a#i-rate TRAR withun!a+ed road dust e'issions.
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3R04ER Measurements3R04ER Measurements "continued-
Two sa'!#in& !#enu's,DustTra and BRI%% !artic#e
'onitors, and rota'eters.
BPS #o&s the TRARCs!osition e+er$
second.
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Results from the 3reasure 5alle.%Results from the 3reasure 5alle.%
Idaho% Road Dust Stud.Idaho% Road Dust Stud.
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Source2Dominated SamplingSource2Dominated Sampling
"Coo6ing-"Coo6ing-
Rea#6Wor#d ooin& Si'u#ated ooin&
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)e7 5ehicle Emissions 3esting)e7 5ehicle Emissions 3esting
MethodsMethods3 Remote Sensin of Vehicle Emissions:
A##ows e'ission rates to -e deter'ined *or certain che'ica#co'!onents (V9, N9E, 9, P%).
3 &ast Response V,C and +,2 Speciation )easurements
and +ormalizin to C,-:
an deter'ine indi+idua# on6road +ehic#e e'issions withres!ect to *ue# consu'!tion. an -e a!!#ied to other sourceswith hi&h e'issions o* other &ases.
3 1ense Spatial )onitorin: 7atter$6!owered P% 'onitors as we## as !assi+e V9, N9/, and
9 a-sor-ers are #ocated within and around source co'!#e5es.'issions are in*erred *ro' co'!#e5 dis!ersion 'ode#s ors!atia# rece!tor 'ode#s.
3 Tunnel Studies: %easure'ents are taen in tunne#s to 'ini'i8e conta'ination
*ro' other sources (V9, N9E, 9, P%).
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Source2Dominated SamplingSource2Dominated Sampling
""5ehicle E8haust-5ehicle E8haust-
Roadside sa'!#in& Diese# e5haustsa'!#in&
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Estimate Emissions of 5ehicleEstimate Emissions of 5ehicle
E8haustE8haust
3 Sa'!#e rea#6ti'e 9/ and !o##utants in a
source6do'inated en+iron'ent to o-tain*ue#6-ased e'issions *actors.
3 Use road tu-e counters to c#assi*$+ehic#es.
3 Use area *ue# sa#es to esti'ate e'issions.
3 o'!are resu#ts with %97IF e'issions*actors.
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Estimate 5ehicleEstimate 5ehicle
E8haust Emission RateE8haust Emission Rate3 4ourier Trans*or' In*rared
S!ectrosco!e 'easures 9/,
9, N9/, N9, and !ro!ane.
3 orre#ation o* !o##utantswith 9/ $ie#ds *ue#6-ased
e'issions *actors.
3 Rea#6ti'e !artic#e counters
(e.&., Bri'' .1G) canHuanti*$ !artic#es -etween1. to .G J' at 6secreso#ution.
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1OR0*= 1idar On2Road 0erosol E8periment1OR0*= 1idar On2Road 0erosol E8periment
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In2Plume 5ehicle Emission SamplingIn2Plume 5ehicle Emission Sampling
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Ducted Emissions= +ot sampleDucted Emissions= +ot sample
3 Tota# Sus!ended Particu#ate (TSP) – PA %ethod 2? in6stac *i#ter (at stac te'!erature)
– PA %ethod K? heated out6o*6stac *i#ter (at /1 or F1L)
M PA %ethod K, KA, K7, K, KD, K4, KB, K, KI
3 P%1 and P%/.K, inc#udin& condensa-#e P%
– %ethod /1A? co'-ines %ethod 2 with in6stac 1 J'
c$c#one to co##ect P%1
– %ethod PR6110? co'-ines %ethod /1A with in6stac /.KJ' c$c#one to co##ect P%/.K
– PA %ethod /1/? co##ect condensa-#e P% as those which
!ass throu&h *i#ter and are ca!tured in water6*i##ed -u--#ers(i'!in&ers) in an ice -ath
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Method &$#&$& !ilterImpinger MethodsMethod &$#&$& !ilterImpinger Methods
EPA Methods PRE4 & 202
Filterable PM
Condensable PM
(
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Method &$& 0rtifactMethod &$& 0rtifact
4indin&s3 ondensa-#e P%/.K 'a$ -e o+eresti'ated usin&
i'!in&er6-ased 'ethods
– Su#*ate arti*acts si&ni*icant e+en *or &as6*ired sources
– I* %ethod /1/ is !er*or'ed, a !ost6test nitro&en !ur&eshou#d a#wa$s -e done
– 4urther in+esti&ation o* arti*acts and di**erences -etweeni'!in&er and di#ution sa'!#in& 'ethods is needed
3 Di#ution sa'!#in& a##ows -roader s!eciation o* P%/.K
*or i'!ro+ed s!eciation !ro*i#es
Diff i PMDifference in PM MMass
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Difference in PMDifference in PM&'(&'( MassMass
bet7een In2Stac6 and Dilution Samplingbet7een In2Stac6 and Dilution Sampling
Gas-Fired Boiler - Field Data
0
0.002
0.00%
0.00&
0.00'
0.01
0.012
0.01%
0.01&
0.01'
#n 1 #n 2 #n #n 1 #n 2 #n *P%2
l ! + M M , t #
inor$anic condensa!le (M202)or$anic condensa!le (M202)Filtera!le PM (M201*)PM2.5 (dil#tion)
il#tion Met"od
n-/tack
Met"ods
Dil ti S li fDil ti S li f
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Dilution Sampling ofDilution Sampling of
Emissions from Meat Coo6ingEmissions from Meat Coo6ing
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Dilution Sampling S.stemDilution Sampling S.stem
&tac'(as
)E$A*ilter
Carbon
*ilter
otameter
Venturi$robe
+
)
Ambient
Air
*lo% Control
$ump
esidence+ime
Chamber $,-.
C/clones
+o &leCollection
+rains
&&tainless steel
&Cross"#lo% et mixing
&!ilution atio 10-40:1
&esidence time 80-90 se
Sample gas is cooled toambient temperature by
dilution with ambient air
*lo% meter
$,10C/clone
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Particle Characteristics Often 5ar.Particle Characteristics Often 5ar.
During Emissions 3estsDuring Emissions 3ests"E1PI and /rimm OPC Size Distributions-"E1PI and /rimm OPC Size Distributions-Mass concentration Number concentration(p 3um4
dp
5.6
6.5
7.8
&ha'eout (1.min)
&ha'eout (1.min)
ucleation2
reactions #rom
binder
$ouring
3oose
sand mass
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Recentl. Developed DRI:EI Dilution S.stemRecentl. Developed DRI:EI Dilution S.stem
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Ther'ocou!#e Positions on each o##ar
3 Red !oints are'easure'ent!oints1.K, ./K, .2K,
/./K and /.G2K(center) *ro'inner wa##.
3 Bre$ rods indicatether'ocou!#e
#ocations andt$!ica# startin&!oints *or eachther'ocou!#e
Recentl. Developed DRI:EI Dilution S.stemRecentl. Developed DRI:EI Dilution S.stem"continued-"continued-
Ch t i i th DRI:EI Dil tiCharacteri ing the DRI:EI Dil tion
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Characterizing the DRI:EI DilutionCharacterizing the DRI:EI Dilution
S.stemS.stem
3 Te'!erature !ro*i#e at di**erent de!thsand a#on& +arious distances *ro' in#et.
3 Deter'ine #oses and 'i5in& characteristic
as a *unction o* !artic#e si8e, di#utionratios, and distance *ro' in#et *or!o#$st$rene #ate5 s!here (PS) !artic#es*ro' 1.1F O 1 J'.
3 Deter'ine o!ti'u' ran&e o* di#utionratios and a&in& ti'e usin& a diese#&enerator at id#e and *u## #oad.
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Diluted Stac6 3est !indingsDiluted Stac6 3est !indings
3 Residence ti'e and di#ution ratio do notchan&e !articu#ate 'ass e'ission rate, -utdo a**ect si8e distri-ution and tota#
nu'-er o* !artic#es e'itted. on&erresidence ti'es shi*t !articu#ate 'ass to#ar&er si8e and decrease tota# nu'-erconcentration.
3 i&her di#ution rates increase u#tra*ine!artic#e concentrations.
C l iC l i
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ConclusionsConclusions3 Road dust e'ission !otentia# can -e 'easured
continuous#$.
3 %o-i#e e'issions are 'ore accurate *ro' on6road sensin& o* 'an$ +ehic#es than *ro'd$na'o'eter testin& o* a *ew +ehic#es.
3 Di#ution sa'!#in& !ro+ides 'ore accurateesti'ates o* P% stac e'ission rates than hotstac and i'!in&er sa'!#es.
3 he'ica# source !ro*i#es shou#d -e 'easuredwith e'ission rates.