Download - Chapter13 - New Trends (1)

7/26/2019 Chapter13 - New Trends (1)

1/69

Trends and Future Dir. in ICT Agent-Based Systems Genetic Algorithm Ubiquitous Computing

New trends and future directions of ICT

Subha Fernando, Dr.Eng, M.Eng, B.Sc(Special)Hons.

28 May 2014

Subha Fernando, Dr.Eng, M.Eng, B.Sc(Special)Hons. New trends and future directions of ICT,Slide 1
http://find/


2/69


Session Overview

1 New trends and future directions of ICT

Intelligent and Emotional ComputingArtificial IntelligenceKansei Systems

Example in Kansei Engineering

Man-Machine Coexistence

2 Agent-Based SystemsNew Challenges for Computer SystemsCharacteristics of AgentsMulti-Agent SystemsApplications of Agents

3 Genetic AlgorithmBiological ExplorationAlgorithm and Examples in GA

4 Ubiquitous Computing

Application and TechnologySubha Fernando, Dr.Eng, M.Eng, B.Sc(Special)Hons. New trends and future directions of ICT,Slide 2
http://find/http://goback/


3/69


Intelligent and Emotional ComputingEmotional Computing

Emotional Computing, What and Why?

People talking back to a computer/smart-phone is commonenough usually in a moment of frustration.

Getting the computer to respond in kind is a far different taskThe challenge is not of inventing new software or hardware,but to have ethics involved.If computers are to have emotional components, what rolewould they play in everyday life?

Do human beings really want an emotional relationship with amechanical mind?

The field is calledAffective Technology



4/69


Affective TechnologyFace Recognition

Today, machine prototypes exist that measure humanemotional expression through physiological signals such asfacial expressions and voice changes and allow a human-likeresponse.

Face Recognition and Applications

http://find/


5/69


Affective TechnologyVoice Recognition

Today, machine prototypes exist that measure humanemotional expression through physiological signals such asfacial expressions and voice changes and allow a human-likeresponse.

Voice Recognition and Applications


T d d F Di i ICT A B d S G i Al i h Ubi i C i
http://find/


6/69


Intelligent and Emotional ComputingIntelligent Computing and Artificial Intelligence

Intelligence Computing

What is intelligence? Hard to define unless you list someimportant characteristics, such asReasoning,Learning, andAdaptivity

Machine intelligence is: computer which follows problemsolving processes something like that in humansIntelligent systems display machine-level intelligence,reasoning, often learning, and self-adapting

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is usually defined as the science ofmaking computers do things that require intelligence whendone by humans.Some important AI Techniques are: Neural Network, GeneticAlgorithm, and Expert Systems


T d d F t Di i ICT A t B d S t G ti Al ith Ubi it C ti
http://find/


7/69


Artificial IntelligenceNeural Network

Definition (Neural Network)

Neural Network are computational models inspired by an animalscentral nervous systems (in particular the brain) which is capable

of machine learning as well as pattern recognition.

Artificial neural networks are generally presented as systems of interconnected neurons which cancompute values from inputs.

Applications are in Finger Print Recognition, Face Recognition, Patten Identification,etc.


Trends and Future Dir in ICT Agent Based Systems Genetic Algorithm Ubiquitous Computing
http://find/


8/69


Artificial IntelligenceGenetic Algorithm

Definition (Genetic Algorithm)

Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are adaptive heuristic search algorithmpremised on the evolutionary ideas of natural selection and genetic.

The basic concept of GAs is designed to simulate processes in natural system necessary for evolution,specifically those that follow the principles first laid down by Charles Darwin of survival of the fittest.

As such they represent an intelligent exploitation of a random search within a defined search space to solvea problem.

Applications are circuit/car design (http://rednuht.org/genetic_cars_2/ ), traffic controlling, pathfinding, etc.


Trends and Future Dir in ICT Agent Based Systems Genetic Algorithm Ubiquitous Computing
http://rednuht.org/genetic_cars_2/http://rednuht.org/genetic_cars_2/http://rednuht.org/genetic_cars_2/http://rednuht.org/genetic_cars_2/http://find/


9/69


Artificial IntelligenceExpert Systems

Definition (Expert Systems)An expert system is computer software that attempts to act like ahuman expert on a particular subject area.

An expert system is made up of three parts:A user interface - This is the system that allows a non-expertuser to query (question) the expert system, and to receiveadvice.A knowledge base - This is a collection of facts and rules. Theknowledge base is created from information provided by humanexpertsAn inference engine - This acts rather like a search engine,examining the knowledge base for information that matchesthe users query

Applications are Medical diagnosis, financial advice, discover locations to drill for water, vacationadvisor(http://www.exsys.com/demomain.html ) etc.


Trends and Future Dir in ICT Agent-Based Systems Genetic Algorithm Ubiquitous Computing
http://www.exsys.com/demomain.htmlhttp://www.exsys.com/demomain.htmlhttp://find/


10/69


Artificial Intelligence Software vs. Conventional Software

Application of Expert System

Artificial Intelligence Software vs. Conventional Software

Conventional computer software follow a logical series of stepsto reach a conclusionComputer programmers originally designed software that

accomplished tasks by completing algorithmsAI software uses the techniques of search and pattern matchingProgrammers design AI software to give the computer only theproblem, not the steps necessary to solve it




11/69

Trends and Future Dir. in ICT Agent Based Systems Genetic Algorithm Ubiquitous Computing

Artificial IntelligenceOur Attempt To Build Models Of Ourselves

Artificial Intelligence (Pros)

Ability to simulate human behavior and cognitive processes(Intuition, Common sense, Judgment, Creativity, Beliefs etc)

Capture and preserve human expertiseFast Response.The ability to comprehend large amounts of data quickly.

Artificial Intelligence (Cons)

No common sense

Cannot readily deal with mixed knowledgeMay have high development costsRaise legal and ethical concerns


http://find/


12/69

e ds a d utu e . C Age t ased Syste s Ge et c A go t Ub qu tous Co put g

Kansei Systems

Definition (Kansei Engineering)

An consumer oriented technology for new product developmentbased on consumer Kansei (psychological image and feeling)

The attempt is to improve the business by producing product

or delivering services that fit to consumer feelings, emotions,culture, profession, etc.


http://find/


13/69

g y g q p g

Kansei SystemsAttractive things Work Better

What is attractive? It is three level of processing

Reflective: Cerebral(use brains instead of hearts), emotive(expressing a persons feelings)

Behavioral: Common, and interact with the worldVisceral : relating to deep inward feelings rather than to theintellect

Affective designs impact on usability?

Working with the three levels

Visceral design : AppearanceBehavioral : Pleasure and effectiveness of useReflective: Self esteem and status



14/69

Fall 2013 PSYCH / CS 6750 6

Appearance(s)

!

Symmetry = Beauty = Usability ???

ll 013 CS6750


15/69


Appearance(s)

!

Asymmetry = usable ==> beautiful ???
http://find/


16/69


More!

!

Asymmetry => usability (but, sexy?)
http://find/


17/69


Behavior ?

!

Feel => Function ??
http://find/


18/69

Fall 2013 PSYCH / CS 6750 10

Reflective Design

!

Clever, clean

all 1 0
http://find/


19/69

Fall 2013 PSYCH / CS 6750 11

Reflective

!

Status, image
http://find/


20/69

Fall 2013 PSYCH / CS 6750 15

Taking Off from Maslow

From Anderson, SeductiveInteraction Design

YC S 750
http://find/


21/69

Fall 2013 PSYCH / CS 6750 16

Simple (Positive) Example

16CS 6750 16

Playful!!

Fun!!

Pleasurable!!
http://find/


22/69

Fall 2013 PSYCH / CS 6750 17

Simple (Negative) Example

!

Conveying success in red #

!

More joyful ways to do it? From Anderson, SeductiveInteraction Design
http://find/


23/69

Fall 2013 PSYCH / CS 6750 18

Exclusivity Snobbery

18

Another kind of emotion ..

http://find/


24/69


Definition (What does coexistence mean?)

The word coexistencecan be broken into two parts, co- and -exists.The prefix co- means together and -exist means to be or to live.

Therefore coexistence means being or living togetherCoexistence also has another connotation - peacefulcoexistence.It means more than being in the same place at the same time,getting along with each other.


http://find/


25/69

Session Overview

1 New trends and future directions of ICTIntelligent and Emotional ComputingArtificial IntelligenceKansei Systems



2 Agent-Based SystemsNew Challenges for Computer SystemsCharacteristics of AgentsMulti-Agent SystemsApplications of Agents


4 Ubiquitous ComputingApplication and Technology


http://find/


26/69

New Challenges for Computer Systems

Traditional Design Problem

How can we build a system that produces the correct outputgiven some input?


http://find/


27/69



How can we build a system that produces the correct outputgiven some input?Modern-day Design Problem

Modern-day, many of the systems we need to build in practicehave a reactive flavor, in the sense that they have to maintaina long-term, ongoing interaction with their environment, they

do not simply compute some function of an input and thenterminate.




28/69





do not simply compute some function of an input and thenterminate.The main role of reactive systems is to maintain an interactionwith their environment, and therefore must be described interms of their on-going behaviors, such as OS, process control

systems, online banking systems, etc.




29/69






systems, online banking systems, etc.A still more complex class of systems is a subset of reactivesystems that we call agent




30/69






systems, online banking systems, etc.A still more complex class of systems is a subset of reactivesystems that we call agentAgent is a reactive system that exhibits some degree ofautonomy in the sense that we delegate some task to it, and

the system itself determines how best toachievethistaskSubha Fernando, Dr.Eng, M.Eng, B.Sc(Special)Hons. New trends and future directions of ICT,Slide 16


S


31/69

Agent-Based SystemsWhat is an Agent (Wooldridge and Jennings)

Definition (Agent)An agent is a computer system that is situated in someenvironment, and that is capable of autonomous action in thisenvironment in order to meet its design objectives

Characteristics of Agentsbeing situated in an environmentautonomyproactivenessreactivity

social ability



A B d S
http://find/


32/69

Agent-Based SystemsCharacteristics of Agents

Autonomy

Capability of acting independently, exhibiting control over theirinternal stateAt the end of oneend, we have computer programs such asconventional word processors and spreadsheets, which exhibits

little or no autonomy. At the other-end of the autonomyspectrum, you and us. You are completely autonomous. Whereyou can ultimately choose to believe what you want - althoughsociety typically constraints your autonomy in various way.

Proactivness

The ability to exhibitgoal-directedbehavior. If an agent hasbeen delegated a particular goal, then we expect the agent totry to achievethis goal.This is in contrast to Object, where itremains in passive mode until a method invokes on it.



A B d S
http://goforward/http://find/http://goback/


33/69

Agent-Based SystemsCharacteristics of Agents

Reactiveness

Being reactive means being responsive to changes in theenvironment. Implementing a system that achieves an effectivebalance between goal-directed and reactive behavior turns out

to be hardSocial ability

It is not the ability of exchanges bytes, it is the ability ofagents to cooperate and coordinate activities with otheragents, in order to accomplish assigned goals. This

communication happens at the knowledge level. That is, wewant agents to be able to communicate their beliefs, goals andplans to one another.



A t B d S t
http://find/


34/69

Agent-Based SystemsOther Characteristics of Agents

Mobility: the ability of an agent to move around an electronicnetwork

Veracity: an agent will not knowingly communicate false

informationBenevolence: agents do not have conflicting goals, and thatevery agent will therefore always try to do what is asked of it

Rationality: agent will act in order to achieve its goals, andwill not act in such a way as to prevent its goals beingachieved at least in so far as its beliefs permit

Learning/adaption: agents improve performance over time



A t B d S t


35/69

Agent-Based SystemsEnvironments

Accessible vs. Inaccessible (Observable vs. partiallyobservable)An accessible environment is one in which the agent canobtain complete, accurate, up-to-date information about theenvironments state

Deterministic vs. non-deterministicA deterministic environment is one in which any action has asingle guaranteed effect there is no uncertainty about thestate that will result from performing an action

Episodic vs. non-episodicIn an episodic environment, the performance of an agent is

dependent on a number of discrete episodes, with no linkbetween the performance of an agent in different scenarios

Single Agent vs. Multi-AgentsWhich entities have to be regarded as agents? Are thecompetitive and cooperative actions?



Ag t B s s S st s
http://find/


36/69

Agent-Bases SystemsEnvironments

Static vs. dynamic

A static environment is one that can be assumed to remainunchanged except by the performance of actions by the agentA dynamic environment is one that has other processes

operating on it, and which hence changes in ways beyond theagents control

Discrete vs. continuous

An environment is discrete if there are a fixed, finite number ofactions and percepts in it

A chess game as an example of a discrete environment, andtaxi driving as an example of a continuous one.Continuous environments have a certain level of mismatchwith computer systems



Agent Based Systems
http://find/


37/69

Agent-Based Systems



Structure of Agents
http://find/


38/69

Structure of AgentsRational Agents

Basic StructurePerceive the environment through sensors (Percepts)Act upon the environment through actuators (Actions)Act rational with respect to a performance measure (e.g. goal:money, time, energy, utility)

Rational Behavior depends on

Performance measures (goals)Precept sequencesKnowledge of the environmentPossible actions



Agent Based Systems
http://find/


39/69

Agent-Based SystemsExamples of Rational Agents



Agent Based Systems
http://find/


40/69

Agent-Based SystemsReflex Agents



Agent-Based Systems
http://find/


41/69

Agent-Based SystemsLearning Agents



Agent-Based Systems
http://find/


42/69

Agent Based SystemsExample of Learning Agents



Multi-Agent Systems
http://find/


43/69

Multi Agent Systems

Definition (Multi-Agent Systems (MAS))

A multi-agent system is a computerized system composed ofmultiple interacting agents within an environment. Multi-agentsystems can be used to solve problems that are difficult orimpossible for an individual agent to solve.

Definition (intelligent agents)

An intelligent agent in a society is a rational agent with followingabilities,

Reactivity

Proactivity

Social Ability: To interact (communicate, cooperate,collaborate) with other agents by using Agent communicationlanguage.



Multi-Agent Systems
http://find/


44/69

Multi Agent SystemsAttribute of MAS



Multi-Agent Systems
http://find/


45/69

Multi Agent SystemsMAS Coordination

There are two types of agents in MASBenevolent AgentsSelf Interested Agents



Multi-Agent Systems
http://find/


46/69

g SyBenevolent Agents- Contract Nets

Benevolent Agents (cooperation)Examples are team of fire-brigades, disaster-rescue team, etc.Agents are assumed to act truthfullyAgents have been designed to help whenever it asks for, whichis called Cooperative distributed problem solving approach



Multi-Agent Systems
http://find/


47/69

g ySelf-Interested Agents

Self-Interested Agents (competition)Examples are arrival management system for airport withnumber of different airlines, reverse auction, e-commerce, etc.Agents tries to maximize its expected utilityAgents know what their options are and what the payoff will beStrategic deliberation and decision-making

Agent-based system in buying and selling process:



Applications of Agents
http://find/


48/69

pp g

Agents for Work-flow and Business Process ManagementWork-flow systems aim to to automate the process of a business, ensuring that different businesstasks are expedited by the appropriate people at the right time, typically ensuring that a particulardocument flow is maintained and managed within an organization.ADEPT is an example for an agent-based business process management systems, a businessorganization is modeled as a society of negotiating, service providing agents.



http://find/


49/69

pp g


Agents for Distributed SensingThe broad idea is to use multi-agent systems to manage networks of spatially distributed sensors.

The sensors, may, for example, be acoustic sensors on a battlefield, or radars distributed acrosssome airspace.Sensors will typically provide partial and frequently conflicting data: different parts of theenvironment will have different characteristics with respect to the sound and electromagneticsensing spectrum.Agents in the network should cooperate with another, for example, by exchanging informationabout when a vehicle pass from one region to another.



http://find/


50/69


Agents for Distributed SensingThe broad idea is to use multi-agent systems to manage networks of spatially distributed sensors.

The sensors, may, for example, be acoustic sensors on a battlefield, or radars distributed acrosssome airspace.Sensors will typically provide partial and frequently conflicting data: different parts of theenvironment will have different characteristics with respect to the sound and electromagneticsensing spectrum.Agents in the network should cooperate with another, for example, by exchanging informationabout when a vehicle pass from one region to another.

Agents for Electronic commerceAgents for Human-Computer InterfacesComputer programs that employ AI in order to provide assistance to a user dealing with aparticular application, i.e. A personal assistant who is collaborating with the user in the same workenvironment.



http://find/


51/69

Agents for Information Retrieval and ManagementAn information agent is an agent that has access to at least one and potentially many informationsources.Agent is able to collate and manipulate information obtained from these sources in order to answerqueries posed by users and other information agents.



Session Overview
http://find/


52/69

1 New trends and future directions of ICTIntelligent and Emotional Computing

Artificial IntelligenceKansei Systems



2 Agent-Based Systems

New Challenges for Computer SystemsCharacteristics of AgentsMulti-Agent SystemsApplications of Agents





Genetic Algorithm (GA)
http://find/


53/69

Darwins Principle of Natural Selection

Definition (Genetic Algorithm)Genetic Algorithms are search and optimization techniques, basedon Darwins Principle of natural selection



Genetic Algorithm (GA)
http://find/


54/69

Darwins Principle of Natural Selection

Definition (Genetic Algorithm)Genetic Algorithms are search and optimization techniques, basedon Darwins Principle of natural selection



Genetic Algorithm


55/69

Biological Exploration

DNA :Is the prime genetic moleculecarrying all the heredityinformation

Chromosome

DNA is associated with proteinsand each DNA and its associatedprotein is called a chromosome.Thus, Chromosome is a compactform of DNA that fits inside the

cellDNA packaged into achromosome can be transmittedefficiently to both daughter cellseach time a cell divides.



Genetic Algorithm
http://find/


56/69

Biological Exploration

ChromosomeDifferent kinds of organisms havedifferent numbers of chromosomes.Each parent contributes onechromosome to each pair,

so children get half of theirchromosomes from their mothers andhalf from their fathers.

Gene

A gene is the functional and physical

unit of heredity passed from parent tooffspring.Genes are pieces of DNA, and mostgenes contain the information formaking a specific protein.



Vocabulary of GA
http://find/


57/69

Genome

Collection of allchromosomesGenetic information isstored in the chromosomes

Chromosome

Each chromosome is buildof DNACollection of Genes

Locus

The position of a gene on

the chromosome.

Trait

Aspect (features) of achromosome



Genetic AlgorithmAl i h
http://find/


58/69

Algorithm

Design of Genotype (Encoding): Determine how solutions ofa given problem are represented as genes.Initialization: Make a given number of individuals (M) withappropriate genes at the first generation.Fitness Evaluation: Calculate the fitness of each individual

with an evaluation function. If there is one that satisfies thetermination condition, it is transformed into Phenotype, thenEND.Selection: Choose the necessary number of individuals forcrossover considering fitness

Crossover: Generate individuals of the next generation byexchanging genes of chosen pairsMutation: Change a pair of genes in the predefined way andwith the predefined mutation probabilitygo toFitness Evaluation

http://find/


59/69
http://find/


60/69
http://find/


61/69
http://find/


62/69
http://find/


63/69
http://find/


64/69


65/69
http://find/


66/69


Session Overview

1 N t d d f t di ti f ICT
http://find/


67/69

1 New trends and future directions of ICTIntelligent and Emotional Computing

Artificial IntelligenceKansei Systems



2 Agent-Based Systems

New Challenges for Computer SystemsCharacteristics of AgentsMulti-Agent SystemsApplications of Agents





Ubiquitous ComputingIntroduction


68/69

What is Ubiquitous Computing

the method of enhancing computing use by making manydevices (services) available throughout the physicalenvironment, but making them effectively invisible to the usercomputing everywhere:

many embedded, wearable, hand-held devices communicatetransparently to provide different services to the usersdevices mostly have low power and short-range wirelesscommunication capabilities

devices utilize multiple on-board sensors to gather informationabout surrounding environments



Ubiquitous ComputingApplication and Technology
http://find/


69/69

Challenges and Requirements

Hardware, Applications, User InterfacesNetworking, Mobility, Scalability, ReliabilityInteroperability, Resource Discovery, Privacy and Security

http://find/

Download - Chapter13 - New Trends (1)

Top Related