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Chapter 9 Section 3Changing Attitudes and Values
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Lesson Objectives
• Explain what values shaped the new social order.
• Understand how women and education sought change.
• Learn how science challenged existing beliefs
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Social Classes in the late 1800’s• Small upper class, nobility &
super-rich industrialists• Middle class – group that grew
the fastest in 1800’s– Upper middle class – doctors,
scientists, lawyers– Lower middle class – teachers,
office workers, shop keepers
• Lower classes– Working class – large numbers in
U.S. & Western Europe, lived in tenements near factories
– Peasants/farmers – more in less industrialized nations
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Middle Class Values
• Way of life> RESPECTABILITY– Families lived in large house
or apartment house– Strict code of etiquette –
rules of social behavior– How to dress, when to give
dinner parties, how long to mourn, when to write letters, etc
– Children “to be seen, not heard”
– Even small middle class homes had servants
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Middle Class Values • Courtship & marriage
– Families had much to say as to whom children married
– Falling in love was becoming more accepted
– Strict rules of courtship
• Cult of domesticity – idealized women and the home; woman’s place was in the home– “Home sweet home”– Ideal woman = tender, self-
sacrificing care-giver, nest for children, peaceful home for husband
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Women and educators tried to bring about change
• Women campaigned for variety of rights• Fairness in marriage, divorce & property laws (won right to own property in late
1880’s)• Supported temperance movement – limit or ban use of alcoholic beverages• Before 1850, women leaders in union movement, abolition of slavery > made
women realize their own laws were restricted• Women’s suffrage – women’s right to vote, became an issue in late 1800’s
– Faced intense opposition (cult of domesticity)– Edges of western world, New Zealand, western U.S. territories gave women the right to
vote before 1900
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Public education & higher education
• Late 1800’s reformers got many governments to set up public schools
• Require basic education for all children– Three R’s – reading writing &
‘arithmetic > better citizens– Need for literate work force– Taught punctuality,
obedience to authority, disciplined work habits & patriotism (religion in European schools)
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Secondary schools (high schools in U.S.)
• Classical languages (Latin & Greek), history & math for middle class sons
• Middle class daughters attended finishing schools – marry well & be better wives
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Colleges & Universities
• Most students were sons of upper & middle classes
• Curriculum – ancient history, languages philosophy, religion, law
• Late 1800’s chemistry & physics added; engineering schools opened
• 1840’s few women’s colleges: Bedford College, England; Mt. Holyoke, U.S.
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Science challenged existing beliefs
• Atomic theory – John Dalton (early 1800’s) modern atomic theory– Showed how different
kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances
• Dmitri Mendeleyev – table of all elements according to weight basis for periodic table
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Science challenged existing beliefs
• Age of earth – (1820) Charles Lyell Principles of Geology– Evidence that the earth
was formed over millions of years
– (1856) workers in Neander Valley in Germany found remains of prehistoric people – Neanderthals
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Science challenged existing beliefs• Charles Darwin (1859) published
On the Origin of the Species– All forms of life evolved into present
state over millions of years– Theory of natural selection
• Used Thomas Malthus’s (economist) idea that all plants & animals produced more offspring that the food supply could support
• Members of species compete to survive
– Nature “selected” those with best physical traits to adapt • Survival of the fittest
– Brought debates between scientists & religious leaders because Darwinism disputed creationism (debate continues to the present)
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Social Darwinism
• Social Darwinism – used Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest in war to weeded out weak nations
• Survival of the fittest in business put weak companies out of business
• Encouraged racism – belief that one racial group is superior to another– Some Europeans & Americans claimed success of western
civilization was because of superiority of white race– Used this as reason for dominating colonial holdings & pushing
Native Americans onto reservations• Result> These ideas led to global expansion/imperialism,
discrimination & segregation
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Role of religion in urban society• Christian churches & Jewish
synagogues remained center of communities; urged reforms– Catholic priests & nuns set up
schools & hospitals in urban slums– Jewish organizations like B’nai
B’rith provided social services• Social gospel – movement of
Protestant Christians to social service– Reforms in housing, health care &
education• William & Catherine Booth (1878)
founded the Salvation Army in London