Download - Chapter 8 Water and Minerals
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Chapter 8Chapter 8Water and MineralsWater and Minerals
Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/WhitneySizer/Whitney
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Identify the best beverage choices to obtain enough water for the body’s needs.
Describe the body’s water sources and routes of water loss, and name factors that influence the need or water.
Compare and contrast various sources of drinking water for safety.
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Discuss why electrolyte balance is critical for the health of the body.
Describe the nutrients needed to maintain blood calcium levels, and explain why this is important.
Describe a diet that follows the DASH principles, and specify who might benefit from such a diet and in what ways.
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Compare the availability of iron form plant and animal sources.
Discuss the function and importance of copper, zinc, chromium, fluoride, and selenium in the body.
Describe a diet that a young woman can follow to help prevent osteoporosis later in life.
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Introduction Introduction
Minerals Major Trace
Water Most indispensable nutrient
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Minerals in a 60-Kilogram (132-Minerals in a 60-Kilogram (132-Pound) Person (Grams)Pound) Person (Grams)
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WaterWater
Makes up about 60 percent of a person’s weight
Roles Solvent Cleansing agent Lubrication and cushion Coolant
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Body’s Water BalanceBody’s Water Balance
Water balance Dehydration
Thirst Signs Groups at risk
Water intoxication Body water varies by pounds Thirst and satiety govern water intake
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys
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Water Balance – A Typical Water Balance – A Typical ExampleExample
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Effects of Mild Dehydration, Severe Effects of Mild Dehydration, Severe Dehydration, and Chronic Lack of Dehydration, and Chronic Lack of
FluidFluid
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How Much Water Do I Need to How Much Water Do I Need to Drink in a Day?Drink in a Day?
Water needs vary Influential factors
Fluids and foods DRI Metabolic water
Sweating Choosing fluids
Caffeine
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U.S. Fluid SourcesU.S. Fluid Sources
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Are Some Kinds of Water Better Are Some Kinds of Water Better for My Health Than Others?for My Health Than Others?
Types of water Hard
Calcium and magnesium Soft
Sodium Hypertension
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Safety and Sources of Drinking Safety and Sources of Drinking WaterWater
Public water Removal of many hazards
Disinfectants Testing and reporting Chlorination and cancer
Water sources Surface water Groundwater
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Bottled WaterBottled Water
Regulation and safety Sales across state lines Standards
Less rigid than those for tap water BPA IBWA trademark Water for nutrition’s sake
Fluoride
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Body Fluids and MineralsBody Fluids and Minerals
Water follows salt Electrolytes
Water flows toward greater concentration Fluid and electrolyte balance
Causes of imbalance Acid-base balance
Hydrogen Buffers
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How Electrolytes Govern Water How Electrolytes Govern Water FlowFlow
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CalciumCalcium
Most abundant mineral in the body Meeting DRI recommendations Storage facilities
Bones In constant flux
Teeth
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A BoneA Bone
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CalciumCalcium
Bone and tooth formation Hydroxyapatite
Fluorapatite Bone and tooth
turnover
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CalciumCalcium
In body fluids 1 percent of body’s calcium
Roles Blood calcium is tightly controlled
Calcium balance Skeleton serves as a calcium bank
Bone density Organs
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CalciumCalcium
Bone loss Inevitable consequence of aging Peak bone mass Osteoporosis Supplements
Calcium absorption Increases in times of need
Recommendations
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Bone Throughout Life Bone Throughout Life
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Calcium SnapshotCalcium Snapshot
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Phosphorus Phosphorus
Second most abundant mineral in body Majority found in bones with calcium
Roles in the body Recommendations
Deficiencies are unlikely Food sources
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Phosphorus SnapshotPhosphorus Snapshot
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MagnesiumMagnesium
“Major mineral” Dietary requirement
Bones and kidneys Roles in the body
Works with calcium Deficiency Toxicity Recommendations
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Magnesium SnapshotMagnesium Snapshot
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SodiumSodium
Roles Major part of fluid and
electrolyte balance Acid-base balance
Deficiency “Water Weight” Recommendations
Intakes
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Sodium and Salt Intake Sodium and Salt Intake GuidelinesGuidelines
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SodiumSodium
Blood pressure Hypertension
MeasuresTypes
Sodium intakes increases blood pressureHeart damage
DASH diet Controlling salt intakes
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How to Cut Sodium from a How to Cut Sodium from a Barbeque LunchBarbeque Lunch
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PotassiumPotassium
Positively charge ion inside the cells Roles
Fluid and electrolyte balance Heartbeat
Deficiency Dehydration
Toxicity Recommendations
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Potassium SnapshotPotassium Snapshot
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Chloride and SulfateChloride and Sulfate
Chloride Crucial for fluid balance Hydrochloric acid Principle food source
Sulfate Roles No recommended intake Deficiencies are unknown
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Trace MineralsTrace Minerals
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IodineIodine
Body’s work is done by iodide Roles
Thyroxine Deficiency
Goiter Cretinism
Toxicity Food sources
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IronIron
Every living cell contains iron Two proteins
Hemoglobin Myoglobin
Roles Carry oxygen Make new cells, amino acids, hormones, &
neurotransmitters
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IronIron
Iron stores A mineral to be hoarded Iron losses Special proteins transport and store iron
Absorbing iron Forms of iron in food MFP factor Impairing iron absorption
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IronIron
Deficiency Iron deficiency Iron-deficiency
anemia Signs of deficiency Mental symptoms
AdultsChildrenPica
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Normal and Anemic Blood CellsNormal and Anemic Blood Cells
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IronIron
Causes of deficiency Groups most susceptible to deficiency
Women of childbearing age Infants and toddlers Adolescents
Too much iron Iron overload Symptoms
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Iron SnapshotIron Snapshot
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ZincZinc
Works with proteins in every organ Roles
Expression of deficiency Groups at greatest
risk for deficiency Vegetarians
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Zinc SnapshotZinc Snapshot
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SeleniumSelenium
Roles in the body Relationship with chronic disease
Cancer Toxicity
Supplements Sources
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FluorideFluoride
Not essential to life Roles in the body
Roles in the body Deficiency
Dental decay Toxicity
Fluorosis Sources
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U.S. Population with Access to U.S. Population with Access to Fluoridated Water Through Public Fluoridated Water Through Public
Water SystemsWater Systems
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Chromium and CopperChromium and Copper
Chromium Roles in the body Recommendation Sources
Copper Roles in the body Deficiency Toxicity
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Other Trace Minerals and Some Other Trace Minerals and Some CandidatesCandidates
Molybdenum Manganese Boron Cobalt Nickel Silicon
All trace minerals are toxic in excess!
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Meeting the Need for CalciumMeeting the Need for Calcium
Low calcium intake Associated
diseases Milk, yogurt, &
cheese group Traditional
sources of calcium
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Food Sources of Calcium in the Food Sources of Calcium in the U.S. DietU.S. Diet
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Meeting the Need for CalciumMeeting the Need for Calcium
Vegetables Absorption
Calcium binders Other foods Calcium-fortified foods Supplements Making meals rich in calcium
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Calcium Absorption from Food Calcium Absorption from Food SourcesSources
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Osteoporosis: Can Lifestyle Osteoporosis: Can Lifestyle Choices Reduce the Risks?Choices Reduce the Risks?
Controversy 8
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IntroductionIntroduction
Osteoporosis prevalence Fractures Sex differences
Causes Tangled complexity
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Development of OsteoporosisDevelopment of Osteoporosis
Bone Trabecular
Tapped when blood calcium is low Cortical
Decline in bone density Dowager’s hump Fractures
Common sites
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Losses of Trabecular BoneLosses of Trabecular Bone
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Loss of Height in a Woman Loss of Height in a Woman Caused by OsteoporosisCaused by Osteoporosis
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Toward Prevention – Understanding Toward Prevention – Understanding the Cause of Osteoporosisthe Cause of Osteoporosis
Causes Gender and advanced age Genetics and environmental factors
Bone density and genes Influence of genes
Genetic inheritance Risks vary by race and ethnicity
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Toward Prevention – Understanding Toward Prevention – Understanding the Cause of Osteoporosisthe Cause of Osteoporosis
Calcium and vitamin D Bone strength in later life
Bone building during childhood and adolescence
Gender and hormones Menopause for women Estrogen and testosterone
Body weight
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Toward Prevention – Understanding Toward Prevention – Understanding the Cause of Osteoporosisthe Cause of Osteoporosis
Physical activity Tobacco smoke and alcohol Protein
Too little protein Too much protein Sources
Sodium, caffeine, soft drinks Other nutrients
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Risk and Protective Factors That Risk and Protective Factors That Correlate with OsteoporosisCorrelate with Osteoporosis
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Diagnosis and Medical TreatmentDiagnosis and Medical Treatment
DEXA scan Drug therapies Estrogen
replacement therapy
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Calcium RecommendationsCalcium Recommendations
Recommendations vary Set according to life stage
Sources Foods and beverages first
Dietary calciumSunshine for vitamin D
Supplements Types of supplements