Download - Chapter 8 nervous system
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Chapter 8 : Nervous System
Joel G. Soria, MD
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Sensory input Integration Homeostasis Mental activity Control of muscles and glands
Functions of the Nervous System
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• Central nervous system (CNS) • Brain and Spinal Cord
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Sensory divisions • Motor divisions
• Somatic motor nervous system • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Division of Nervous System
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NEURON
AXONDENDRITES
MYELIN SHEATH NODES OF
RANVIER
NUCLEUS
AXON HILLOCK
CELL BODY
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1. Neurons
2. Microglia
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Cells of the NERVOUS SYSTEM
3. Myelin sheaths
4. Organization of Nervous Tissue
A. Grey matter
B. White matter
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Types of Neuron
MULTIPOLAR
BIPOLAR
UNIPOLARMany dendrites, single axon Most motor and CNS neurons
single dendrites, single axon
Special sense organs
Single process Most sensory neurons
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Types of MICROGLIA
ASTROCYTES
EPENDYMAL CELLS
MICROGLIAL CELLS
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OLIGODENDROCYTE
SCHAWNN CELLS
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Schwann Cells
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Organization of Nervous Tissue
Gray Matter
non-myeline sheath Brain – Cortex; PNS - Ganglion
White MatterMyelined sheath CNS – conduction pathways, nerve tracts
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conduction in an
unmyelinated sheath
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conduction in a myelinated sheath
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REFLEX – involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS. Allows the person to move quickly REFLEC ARC – Neuronal pathway in which the reflex occurs Basic foundation unit the nervous system
REFLEXES
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5 Basic components
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Convergent and divergent pathway
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Convergent and divergent pathway
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SPINAL CORD
Extends from the foramen magnum to the 2nd lumbar vertebrae
Cauda equina
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SPINAL CORD
STRETCH REFLEX
• Simplest form of reflex • Muscle contracts in response to a
stretching force applied to them • Knee-jerk reflex / patellar reflex
WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
• Remove a limb or body part from a painful stimulus
• Usually involves flexor muscle groups
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Spinal Nerves
• Arise along the lateral side of the vertebra
• Formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral roots
• All spinal nerves are mixed (both sensory and motor) in function
• Most of the spinal nerves are organized in groups “PLEXUSES” 1. Cervical plexus 2. Brachial plexus 3. Lumbosacral plexus
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Cervical plexus
• Arises from spinal nerves C1-C4
• Innervates several muscles on the neck.
• Innervates the PHRENIC NERVE
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Brachial plexus
• Arises from spinal nerves C5-T1 • Forms 5 major Nerve of the Upper
Extremities • Axillary nerve – Shoulder muscles • Radial nerve – All muscles of the
posterior arm and forearm • Musculocutaneous Nerve–
Anterior muscles of the arm • Ulnar nerve – 2 forearm muscles
and the intrinsic muscle of the hand • Median nerve – Muscles of the
anterior forearm
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Lumbosacral Plexus
• Arises from spinal nerves L1-S4 • OBTURATOR NERVE – innervate
the muscles of the inner thigh and skin
• FEMORAL NERVE –muscles of the Anterior thigh and skin (+ skin of medial side of the leg)
• TIBIAL NERVE – Posterior thigh muscles, anterior and posterior leg muscles, and most of intrinsic foot muscles.
• COMMON FIBULAR NERVE – innervate the muscles of the inner thigh and skin
• SCIATIC NERVE – conbination of common fibular and tibial nerve
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B R A I N
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Brainstem
Connects spinal cord to the brain Consist of: Medulla oblongata Pons Midbrain
Functions vital functions: Control of heart rate, blood pressure and breathing
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Medulla Oblongata
Most inferior part of the brainstem Contains ascending and descending Pyramids- descending tracts Conscious control of skeletal muscle
Functions as: Regulation of heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance, and coordination.
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Pons
Contains ascending and descending tracts Relay information between cerebrum and cerebellum. Footbridge
Functions as: Breathing, swallowing, balance, and control. Chewing and salivation.
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Midbrain
Smallest region of the brainstem Colliculi – 4 mounds posterior to the midbrain
2 inferior – major relay centers for auditory nerve pathways 2 superior – Visual reflexes; turning the head on a tap shoulder, sudden noise, bright flash of light
Coordination of eye movements and in diameter of pupil and lens shape. Substancia nigra – basal nuclei
Regulation of general body movement
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Reticular formation
Scattered throughout the brainstem Regulating cyclical motor functions such as respiration, walking, and chewing. RAS (Reticular Activating System) – Arousing and maintaining consciousness and in regulating sleep-wake cycle.
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Diencephalon
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Largest part of diencephalon Influences mood and registers unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain.
Thalamus
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Small area located superior-posterior to the thalamus Emotional and visceral response to odors
Epithalamus
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Most inferior part of the diencephalon Maintaining homeostasis Control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst
Hypothalamus
Sexual pleasure, feeling of good after a meal, rage, and fear. Infundibulum – funnel-shaped stalk Major role in controlling hormones from the pituitary gland
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Ascending Tracts
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Homunculus
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