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Temperature And Heat
Chapter 6
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Temperature◦ Is something hot or cold?◦ Relative measure
Temperature
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Temperature◦ Molecules of all substances are in constant motion◦ Depends on the kinetic energy of molecules in a
substance
Temperature
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Temperature◦ Greater the temperature◦ Greater the motion of its molecules◦ Measure of the average kinetic energy of the
molecules of a substance
Temperature
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Thermometer◦ Measuring instrument
Utilizes the physical properties of materials to accurately determine temperature
◦ Thermal expansion Expand with increasing temperature Contract with decreasing temperature
Temperature
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Temperature scales◦ Reference points◦ Ice points
Freezing point of water◦ Steam point
Boiling point of water
Temperature
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Temperature scales◦ Fahrenheit
Ice point 32 Steam point 212
◦ Celsius Ice point 0 Steam point 100
Temperature
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Temperature scales◦ Kelvin
Absolute temperature scale Zero temperature is the absolute lower limit Absolute zero
Temperature
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Heat◦ Flows from higher to lower temperature◦ Energy in transit because of a temperature difference◦ When heat is added to a body, internal energy
increases
Heat
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Heat◦ SI unit Joule (J)◦ Common unit calorie (cal)
Heat necessary to raise one gram of pure water by one Celsius degree
Heat
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Kilocalorie◦ Food calorie (Cal) is equal to one kilocalorie
Heat
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British thermal unit (BTU)◦ British system unit of heat◦ Heat necessary to raise one pound of water one
Fahrenheit degree
Heat
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Nearly all matter expands when heated and contracts when cooled
Water is an important exception◦ Expands when frozen
Heat
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Specific heat◦ Heat necessary to raise the temperature of one
kilogram of a substance one Celsius degree◦ Specific to a particular substance◦ Greater the specific heat◦ Greater its capacity for heat
Specific Heat And Latent Heat
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Recall: heat will flow from Hot to Cold ie: from high heat content to low heat
content Until they reach thermal equilibrium
Thermal Equilibrium Heat energy lost = heat energy gained
Specific Heat - Mixtures
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hot substance coldsubstance
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hot substance coldsubstance
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hot substance coldsubstance
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hot substance coldsubstance
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(hot)
(cold)
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(hot)
(cold)
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(hot)
(cold)
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What’s going to happento the temperatureof the small block?
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What’s going to happento the temperatureof the large block?
What’s going to happento the temperatureof the small block?
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(warm)
(warm)
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(warm)
(warm)
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(warm)
(warm)
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(warm)
(warm)
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Heat is a form ofenergy
that flowsfrom one object
to another(warm)
(warm)
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(always fromhot to cold)
(warm)
(warm)
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Heat transfer occurs in mixtures too. Consider mixing hot and cold water
Specific Heat – Mixtures
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By mixing together, the energy from one is gained by the other.
The result is an increase in T for one and a decrease for the other
Specific Heat – Mixtures
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Heat gained = heat lost
Specific Heat – Mixtures
Heat gained Heat lost
mc∆T = Q Q= mc∆T
mc∆T = mc∆T
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Practice 500. g of water at 35 ºC is added to 400. g
of water at 85 ºC. What is the temperature of the resulting mixture once equilibrium has been reached?
Specific Heat –Mixtures
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Phases of matter◦ Solids◦ Liquids◦ Gases
Latent heat◦ Heat associated with a phase change
Specific Heat And Latent Heat
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Latent heat of fusion◦ Heat required to change solid into liquid
Specific Heat And Latent Heat
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Latent heat of vaporization◦ Heat necessary to change a liquid into a gas
Specific Heat And Latent Heat
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Sublimation◦ Changing directly from the solid to the gaseous phase
Deposition◦ Changing directly from the gaseous to the solid phase
Specific Heat And Latent Heat
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Boiling◦ Process by which energetic molecules escape from
liquid◦ Energy is gained from heating◦ Increasing pressure increases the boiling point of
water
Specific Heat And Latent Heat
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At mountain altitudes◦ Decreased air pressure◦ Boiling point of water lower that at sea level
Specific Heat And Latent Heat
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Evaporation◦ Slow phase change of liquid to gas◦ Major cooling mechanism
Evaporation of perspiration has a cooling effect Energy is lost
Specific Heat And Latent Heat
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Evaporation◦ Moving air promotes evaporation by carrying away
water molecules◦ Cooling effect
Specific Heat And Latent Heat
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Relative humidity◦ Amount of moisture in the air◦ Humid environment◦ Little evaporation of perspiration◦ Hot feeling
Specific Heat And Latent Heat
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Methods of heat transfer◦ Conduction◦ Convection◦ Radiation
Heat Transfer
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Conduction◦ Transfer of heat by molecular collisions◦ Kinetic energy of molecules is transferred from one
molecule
Heat Transfer
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Thermal conductivity◦ Measure of a substance’s ability to conduct heat
Metals◦ Good conductors
Liquids and gases◦ Poor conductors◦ Molecules farther apart◦ Less collisions
Heat Transfer
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Convection◦ Transfer of heat by the movement of a substance, or
mass, from one position to another◦ Movement of heated air or water
Heat Transfer
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Radiation◦ Process of transferring energy by means of
electromagnetic waves◦ Dark colors absorb radiation better than light colors
Heat Transfer
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Three common phases of matter◦ Solid◦ Liquid◦ Gas
Phases Of Matter
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Solid◦ Definite shape and volume◦ Crystalline solid
Molecules arranged in a particular repeating pattern
Phases Of Matter
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Heating◦ Molecules gain kinetic energy◦ Vibrate about their positions in the lattice◦ Move farther apart◦ Lattice becomes distorted
Phases Of Matter
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Liquid◦ Slight lattice structure◦ Molecules relatively free to move◦ Definite volume but no definite shape
Phases Of Matter
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Liquid◦ Individual molecules gain kinetic energy when heated◦ Liquid expands as a result◦ Gas phase
Occurs when molecules are completely free from each other
Phases Of Matter
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Gas◦ Rapidly-moving molecules◦ Exert little or no force on another except when they
collide
Phases Of Matter
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Continued heating of a gas◦ Molecules and atoms ripped apart by collisions with
one another Plasma
◦ Hot gas of electrically charged particles◦ Ionosphere◦ Lightning strikes◦ Neon and fluorescent lamps
Phases Of Matter
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Kinetic theory◦ Pressure rises as temperature increases◦ Gases diffuse in air
The Kinetic Energy Of Gases
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Kinetic theory◦ A gas consists of molecules moving independently in
all directions at high speeds◦ Higher the temperature, the higher the average speed
The Kinetic Energy Of Gases
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Ideal gas◦ Molecules are point particles (have no size at all)◦ Interact only by collision
Collisions exert only a tiny force on the wall
The Kinetic Energy Of Gases
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Pressure◦ Force per unit area, p = F/A◦ SI unit is N/m2 or pascal (Pa)
The Kinetic Energy Of Gases
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Pressure◦ Directly proportional to number of gas molecules
present◦ Directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature◦ Inversely proportional to volume
The Kinetic Energy Of Gases
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The ideal gas law
The Kinetic Energy Of Gases
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Thermodynamics◦ Dynamics of heat
Production Flow Conversion to work
Thermodynamics
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Heat added to a closed system◦ Internal energy◦ Doing work
Thermodynamics
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First law of thermodynamics◦ Positive heat values (heat is added to the system)◦ Positive work values (work done by the system)◦ Negative values indicate the opposite
Thermodynamics
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Heat engine◦ Converts heat into work◦ Some input energy is lost or wasted
Thermodynamics
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Second law of thermodynamics◦ Impossible for heat to flow spontaneously from a
colder body to a hotter body◦ No heat engine operating in a cycle can convert
thermal energy completely into work
Thermodynamics
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Third law of thermodynamics◦ It is impossible to attain a temperature of absolute
zero◦ Would require all of the heat to be taken from an
object
Thermodynamics
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Heat Pump◦ Uses work input to transfer heat◦ Low temperature to high temperature◦ Reverse of a heat engine
Thermodynamics
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Entropy◦ Does a process take place naturally?◦ The entropy of an isolated system never decreases◦ Measure of the disorder of a system
Thermodynamics
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Entropy◦ Disorder increases as natural processes take place◦ Total entropy of the universe increases in every
natural process
Thermodynamics