Learning from Existing LiteratureChapter 6:
ASRes1: Research in Daily Life 1
Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) Strand
Mr. Migo M. Mendoza
Chapter 6: Learning from Existing Literature
Lecture 6.1: Practicing Intellectual Honesty
Lecture 6.2: Citing Related Literature
Practicing Intellectual HonestyLecture 6.1:
ASRes1: Research in Daily Life 1
Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) Strand
Mr. Migo M. Mendoza
ParaphrasingOne of the most common strategies
used to avoid plagiarism is by paraphrasing or conveying another author’s message using your own
words (Vineski, 2016).
ParaphrasingThe original idea or essence of the
sentence remains the same although structured differently and
articulated in another way.
Did you know?You may be guided by the
following steps in paraphrasing a literature (Vineski; Purdue OWL,
2016).
Guideline 1: Paraphrasing a Literature
Read the literature several times until you fully understand
its meaning.
Guideline 2: Paraphrasing a Literature
Write your own words how you understood the script without looking at the original work.
Guideline 3: Paraphrasing a Literature
Compare your phrasing with the original wording. Ensuring that you capture the key ideas behind the source literature.
Guideline 4: Paraphrasing a Literature
“Use quotation marks” for words you used or borrowed
from the original script.
Guideline 5: Paraphrasing a Literature
Indicate the source of the idea, including the author, title of the
work, year, even the page number so you can
acknowledge it in your work.
SummarizingSummarizing entails capturing the main ideas of the text, allowing you
to have a “broad overview of the source material” (Driscoll & Brizee,
2013, para.4).
SummarizingIt involves determining the gist of a
literature, focusing your attention to the main idea of the text, and key
concepts and words that support the main idea.
Did you know?You can try some of the tips on the next slides to help you
summarize a text (Jones, 2012, para.7):
First Tip: Summarizing a Text
Underline the main ideas in a paragraph or in a section.
Determine other concepts that support this main idea.
Second Tip: Summarizing a Text
Set the text aside and write a summary of it, providing only
the gist of the literature.
Third Tip: Summarizing a Text
Consider the six basic questions in capturing the key concepts in
the text: “Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How.”
Take Note: In doing so, take note that it is
recommended that you put quotation marks on terms you have adopted from
the source.
Synthesizing Synthesizing involves “combining ideas” from literature and from “prior knowledge” and using these information to “form a new idea, perspective, opinion or insight” (The
Ohio State University, 2016, para.9).
SynthesizingIt involves interacting with the text and determining how they
relate to your existing understanding of the concept.
First Tip: Synthesizing
Consider identifying the key idea behind the
text first.
Second Tip: SynthesizingDetermine how the literature is related
to what you already know, including your past knowledge about the topic and with other studies or reference
materials you have read.
Third Tip: SynthesizingReflect on key insights and
realizations have gained from reading this source.
Using Direct QuotationsAs mentioned, if you borrowed
words or passages from another source, it would be
important that you acknowledge these.
Using Direct QuotationsBelow are some guidelines you
can use in utilizing direct quotations (Stolley, Brizee &
Paiz, 2013, para.4):
Guideline 1: Using Direct Quotations
Indicate the name of the author, year of the resource material and page
number or paragraph number, if the source came from the internet, in the
same line of the direct quotation.
Guideline 2: Using Direct Quotations
Use quotation marks to indicate these direct quotes from the literature. You can also put the text on its own block, in accordance with the citation style
you want to use.
Guideline 3: Using Direct Quotations
Use quotes purposefully. Use it for impact in your
research paper.
Guideline 4: Using Direct Quotations
Adopt only the necessary text. If you only want to highlight a
phrase or a sentence, quote only these and not the whole
paragraph.
Guideline 5: Using Direct Quotations
Use ellipsis points (…) in shortening a quote and to indicate
that you have removed some words. Just ensure that the
thought of the sentence essentially remains the same.
Guideline 5: Using Direct Quotations
For example:
“Reyes attributed sickness … as one of the major reasons for student
absenteeism.”
Using Proper Citation
Recognizing the author of the idea or work you were referring to in your
research paper is a practice which you will learn in writing. There are a few
citation guides which you can use.
Citing Related LiteratureLecture 6.2:
ASRes1: Research in Daily Life 1
Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) Strand
Mr. Migo M. Mendoza
Citation•Citation is basically
acknowledging the source of a text, idea or work using a widely
recognized guideline.
Did you know?•Scholars need to have a common language and
manner in reporting where they got their sources. They used citation styles that are broadly accepted
and used. Using these helps other researchers know where the idea, or work came from, allowing them to
check these or utilize these in their own studies.
When to Use Citation•it is encouraged that you use
proper citation for the following (English Club, 2016,
para.2):
When to Use Citation: Direct Quotes
•words, phrases or sentences that you have adopted from a
reference material. You usually use quotation marks for these.
When to Use Citation: Paraphrased Text
•ideas that come from other studies and reference
materials expressed in your own words.
When to Use Citation: Facts and Figures
•numbers, percentages, and statistical data acquired
from other sources.
When to Use Citation: Theories, Methods, and Ideas
•other scholars’ idea or work mentioned in your
own study.
When to Use Citation: Images, Graphs and Illustrations
•images, diagrams acquired from other
sources.
When Not to Use Citation
•On the other hand, there are also some information which do not require citation. These include (EnglishClub, 2016, para.10):
When Not to Use Citation: Common Knowledge
•information that is widely well-known by the general
population.
When Not to Use Citation: Historical Dates
•similarly, these information are publicly
known.
When Not to Use Citation: A Well-Known Argument or Theory
•these are concepts that are generally
talked about
When Not to Use Citation: A Universal Proverb
•saying that are familiar to most
people.
Citation Styles(1) Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
(APA);(2) Chicago Manual of Style; and
(3) Modern Language Association (MLA)
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)
• It is frequently utilized by those from the field of
education and psychology (Creswell, 2014, p.24).
Chicago Manual of Style
•It is citation style use in the social
sciences.
APA Style Guide
• Here are some of the general rules on the APA
style guide (Paiz et al., 2016, 2014b).
General Guidelines
• Type-written• Use double space
• Use the standard paper size (8.5”x11”)• Have 1 inch margins on all sides
• Times New Roman with 12 font size is recommended
Major Sections
• Has four major sections:(1) Title Page;(2) Abstract;
(3) Main Body; and(4) References.
Title Page
• Must show the title of the paper, name of the author and institutional affiliation in this order per line
• These information are centered
Short Quotations
• Indicate the author, year and page number or paragraph
number• Use quotation marks
Example Number 1:
• According to Reyes (2016, p.1), “Research is a methodological
process.”
Example Number 2:
• She heightened that “research is a methodological process”
(Reyes, 2016, p.1).
Long Quotations
• Used for quotes with 40 words or more
• Place in a text block: begin in a new line, must be 0.5 inch indented
from the left margin
Example Number 1:• Reyes (2016, p.1) highlighted the following:
• The choice of a research topic is one of the crucial decisions of aresearcher. One has to consider several aspects such as one’spersonal interests and curiosities, one’s skills in conductingresearch, access to research sites and possible researchparticipants, and practical considerations such as time andresources.
Paraphrase or Summary
• Indicate the author and year
Example Number 1:
•According to Reyes (2016), research entails a rigorous procedure.
Example Number 2:
•Research entails a rigorous procedure
(Reyes, 2016).
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
One Author
Example 1:
Reyes (2016)
highlighted…
Example 2:
…rigorous procedure
(Reyes, 2016).
General Guide:
Author, A. A. (Year of
Publication). Title of
work: Subtitle of
work. Location:
Publisher.
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Two Authors
Example 1:
Reyes and Santos (2016)
highlighted…
Example 2:
…rigorous procedure
(Reyes & Reyes, 2016).
General Guide:
Author, A. A., & Author,
B. B. (Year of
Publication). Title of
work: Subtitle of
work. Location:
Publisher.
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Three to Five Authors
Example 1:
Reyes, Santos and Tan (2016)
proposed…
Example 2:
…rigorous procedure (Reyes,
Santos & Tan 2016).
In succeeding citations:
…process (Reyes et al. 2016).
General Guide:
Author, A. A., Author,
B. B., & Author C. C.
(Year of Publication).
Title of work: Subtitle
of work. Location:
Publisher.
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Six or More Authors
Example 1:
Reyes et al. (2016) proposed…
Example 2:
…rigorous procedure (Reyes
et al. 2016).
General Guide:
Author, A. A., Author,
B. B., Author, C. C.,
Author, D. D., Author, E.
E., & Author, F. F.,
(Year of Publication).
Title of work: Subtitle
of work. Location:
Publisher.
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Unknown Author
Example 1: Use the title
of the work
…rigorous procedure
(Research Guide, 2016).
General guide using the
title:
Short version of the title.
(Year of Publication).
Title of work: Subtitle
of work. Location:
Publisher.
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Unknown Author
Example 2: Anonymous
Author
…rigorous procedure
(Anonymous, 2016).
General guide for
anonymous author:
Anonymous. (Year of
Publication).
Title of work: Subtitle
of work. Location:
Publisher.
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Organization
Example 2: Use the title
of the work
…of the population
(Philippine Statistics
Authority [PSA], 2016).
In succeeding citations:
…population (PSA,
2016)
General guide:
Name of the
Organization. (Year
of Publication).
Title of work: Subtitle
of work. Location:
Publisher.
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Two Works
Example:
…rigorous procedure
(Reyes, 2016; Tan,
2015).
•Include both authors in the
reference list
•Arrange alphabetically
Author, A. A. (Year of
Publication). Title of work:
Subtitle of work. Location:
Publisher.
Author, B. B. (Year of
Publication). Title of work:
Subtitle of work. Location:
Publisher.
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Journal Article,
Newspaper or Magazine
(Print)
Follow the previous in-
text citations examples
depending on the
number of authors
•General Guide:
Author, A. A. (Year of
Publication). Title of
article. Title of journal or
newspaper or magazine,
volume number (issue
number), pages.
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Encyclopedia
Example:
…social science
(Encyclopedia Name,
2015).
•General Guide:
Author, A. A. (Year of
Publication). Title of
encyclopedia entry. In
Encyclopedia Name.
(Volume number, pages).
Location: Publisher.
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Unpublished Dissertation
Follow the previous in-
text citations examples
•General Guide:
Author, A. A. (Year of
Publication). Title of
dissertation. (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation).
Name of Institution,
Location.
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Conference Proceedings
Follow the previous in-
text citations examples
depending on the
number of authors
•General Guide:
Author, A. A., & Author, B.
B. (Eds.). (Year of
Publication). Proceedings
from Conference
Abbreviation: Name of
Conference. Location:
Publisher.
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Online Journal
Follow the previous in-
text citations examples
depending on the
number of authors
•General Guide with DOI:
Author, A. A. (Year of
Publication). Title of
article. Title of journal,
volume number, page
range. doi: 00000 or
http://dx.doi.org/00000
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Online Journal
Follow the previous in-
text citations examples
depending on the
number of authors
•General Guide without DOI:
Author, A. A. (Year of
Publication). Title of
article. Title of journal,
volume number. Retrieved
from URL
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Electronic Book
Follow the previous in-
text citations examples
depending on the
number of authors
•General Guide without DOI:
Author, A. A. (Year of
Publication). Title of
e-book. Retrieved
from URL
How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List
In-text Citation Reference List
Online Periodical
Follow the previous in-
text citations examples
depending on the
number of authors
•General Guide without DOI:
Author, A. A. (Year of
Publication). Title of
article. Title of online
periodical, volume
number (issue number if
available). Retrieved from
URL
Creating Reference ListResearch Mates Activity 10:
ASRes1: Research in Daily Life 1
Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) Strand
Mr. Migo M. Mendoza
Instruction:•Now, go back to your own research paper. Ask
advice from your teacher on the preferred citation style in writing your research paper. Then, review
your review of related literature and background of the study. Apply the proper citation. Be guided by the
guidelines presented above.
Please Be Guided:•Use this template. Encode the interview guide and observation protocol for your study (Font: Times New Roman; Font Size: 12, Double Space) on
the box below and print it and submit it to your teacher. Also, send the word format of it for
critiquing purposes to [email protected] [email protected] on March 17, 2017.