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Chapter 5 Chapter 5 cc
Functions, Homeostatic Imbalances, Burns,
Cancer, Development
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Functions of the Integumentary System
•Protection•Body Temperature Regulation•Cutaneous Sensation•Metabolic Functions•Blood Reservoir•Excretion
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Protection
•The skin has three types of barriers:–Chemical–Physical/Mechanical–Biological
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Protection•Chemical Barriers• Melanin - pigment that forms a
shield to prevent UV damage•Skin secretions – low (acidic)
pH secretions in sweat called Acid Mantle inhibits bacterial growth
•Skin secretions – sebaceous glands secrete sebum with substances that kill bacteria
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Protection•Mechanical Barriers
–Keratinized cells – •hardness
–Continuity of skin• Glycolipids waterproof – block
diffusion of water and water soluble substances–Preventing their loss from and entry into the body
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Substances that do penetrate:
• Lipid soluble substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide, vitamins A, D, E, & K, and steroids
• Oleoresins of certain plants like poison ivy and poison oak
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Substances that do penetrate:
• Organic solvents such as acetone, drycleaning fluid, and paint thinner (which dissolves the cell lipids)
• Salts of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and nickel
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Homeostatic imbalance
• Organic solvents and heavy metals can be lethal
• Passage of organic solvents through the skin into blood can cause the kidneys to shut down or cause brain damage
• Absorption of lead results in anemia and neurological defects
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Never Handle Organic
solvents or heavy metals
with your bare hands
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Protection
•Biological Barriers
• Langerhans’ cells of the epidermis–Active elements of the immune system. They present antigens (foreign substances) to specialized white blood cells
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•Biological Barriers
• Macrophages in the dermis– If bacteria or viruses get past the Langerhan’s cells in the epidermis, the dermal macrophages will get rid of them
Protection
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Protection
•Biological Barriers
• DNA–Usually shielded by melanin but electrons in DNA can absorb UV rays and transfer as heat to water molecules
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Body Temperature Regulation
• Our bodies must maintain its temperature within homeostatic limits.
• As long as the external air temperature is lower than our body temperature, the skin surface will lose heat to the air
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Body Temperature Regulation
• Body temperature regulation is accomplished by the –Dilation of dermal vessels (to cool)
–Constriction of dermal vessels (to warm)
– Increasing sweat gland secretions (to cool)
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Body Temperature Regulation
•When at rest in an environment below 31oC (88oF) sweat glands secretions unnoticeable
•– ½ Liter per day
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Body Temperature Regulation
•When body temperature rises, sweating becomes noticeable – loss of fluid up to 12 liters in one day!
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Cutaneous Sensation• Cutaneous sensory receptors
–Part of nervous system–Classified as exteroceptors (because the respond to stimuli outside the body)
–Sense touch and pain–Meissner’s corpuscles (in dermal papillae)
–Merkel discs
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Metabolic Functions• Synthesis of vitamin D
–When sunlight hits the skin, modified cholesterol molecules in dermal blood vessels are converted to vitamin D
–Need vitamin D for Calcium metabolism (calcium cannot be absorbed from digestive tract without vitamin D)
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Metabolic Functions• Also several other Chemical
conversions such as –the disarming of many cancer-causing chemicals that penetrate the epidermis
–Conversion of some harmless chemicals into carcinogens
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Metabolic Functions• Also several other Chemical
conversions such as –Activation of some steroid hormones – cortisone cream into hydrocortisone (an anti-inflammatory steroid)
–Production of proteins such as collagenase, an enzyme that aids in detering wrinkles
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Blood Reservoir•Can hold 5% of the body’s
entire blood volume•When other body organs need
a greater blood supply, nervous system constricts dermal blood vessels, pushing more blood into circulation, making more available to those organs
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Excretion of Wastes
•Limited amounts of ammonia, urea, and uric acid is eliminated from the body in sweat
•Most of these wastes are eliminated in urine
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Chapter 5 Chapter 5 cc
Part 2Part 2Functions, Homeostatic
Imbalances, Burns, Cancer, Development
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Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
• Skin can develop more than 1000 different conditions and ailments
• Most common skin disorders are bacterial, viral or fungal infections
• Less common, but more damaging are skin cancer and burns
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•Athletes foot
•Caused by fungal infection
Skin Homeostatic ImbalancesSkin Homeostatic ImbalancesInfectionsInfections
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•Boils and Carbuncles
•Caused by bacterial infection
Skin Homeostatic ImbalancesSkin Homeostatic ImbalancesInfectionsInfections
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•Cold sores•Caused by virus
Skin Homeostatic ImbalancesSkin Homeostatic ImbalancesInfectionsInfections
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•Contact dermatitis
•Exposure causes allergic reactions
Skin Homeostatic ImbalancesSkin Homeostatic ImbalancesAllergiesAllergies
Poison Ivy
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•Impetigo•Caused by bacterial infection
Skin Homeostatic ImbalancesSkin Homeostatic ImbalancesInfectionsInfections
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•Psoriasis•Caused is unknown
•Triggered by trauma, infection, stress
Skin Homeostatic ImbalancesSkin Homeostatic Imbalances
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Skin Homeostatic ImbalancesSkin Homeostatic Imbalances
Skin CancerSkin Cancer
Slide 4.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cancer – abnormal cell mass
Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer
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CancerCancer•Two types
–Benign•Does not spread (encapsulated)
–Malignant•Metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body
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Skin CancerSkin Cancer
Slide 4.30Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•The three major types of skin cancer are:
Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma
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Basal Cell Carcinoma• Least malignant• Most common type (90% of all skin
cancer)• Arises from the Basal layer
• Stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
• Slow growing and often does not metastasize
• Can be cured by surgical excision in 99% of the cases
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma• Arises from keratinocytes of the
stratum spinosum• Arise most often on scalp, ears,
and lower lip
• Grows rapidly & metastasizes if not removed
• Metastasizes to lymph nodes
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• Early removal allows a good chance of cure
• Prognosis is good if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Malignant melanomaMalignant melanoma• Most deadly of skin cancers
–because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy
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Malignant melanomaMalignant melanoma
• Cancer of melanocytes• Metastasizes rapidly to lymph
and blood vessels
• Detection uses ABCD rule
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ABCD(E) RuleABCD(E) Rule
Slide 4.32Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A = AsymmetryTwo sides of pigmented mole do not match
B = Border irregularityBorders of mole are not smooth, it is irregular and exhibits indentations
C = ColorDifferent colors in pigmented area, black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue
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ABCD(E) RuleABCD(E) Rule
•D = Diameter–Spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter (size of a pencil eraser)
•E = Elevation–Spot is elevated above the skin surface.
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Melanoma
• Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy
• Chance of survival is poor if the lesion is over 4 mm thick
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Skin Cancer
• A crucial risk factor for nonmelanoma skin cancers is the disabling of the p53 gene (tumor suppressor gene) by overexposure to UV radiation in sunlight
• Most skin tumors are benign and do not metastasize
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Skin Homeostatic ImbalancesSkin Homeostatic Imbalances
Slide 4.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Burns
Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
Associated dangers
Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalance
Circulatory shock
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Rule of Rule of NinesNines
• Way to determine the extent of burns
• Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation
• Each area represents about 9%
Figure 5.8a
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•First-degree burns
• Only epidermis is damaged
• Skin is red and swollen
• Pain
Severity of BurnsSeverity of Burns
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•Second-degree burns
• Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
• Skin is red and swollen with blisters
• Pain
Severity of BurnsSeverity of Burns
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•Third-degree burns• Entire thickness of the
skin is damaged• Burn area appears gray-
white, cherry red, or black
• No initial edema or pain since nerve endings are destroyed
Severity of BurnsSeverity of Burns
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Severity of BurnsSeverity of Burns
• Burns extend through the skin to injure muscle, ligaments , tendons , nerves, blood vessels, and bones.
•Fourth-degree burns
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Critical BurnsCritical Burns
Slide 4.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Burns are considered critical if:
Over 25% of body has second degree burns
Over 10% of the body has third degree burns
There are third degree burns of the face, hands, or feet
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Developmental Aspects of the Integument: Fetal
•Epidermis develops from ectoderm
•Dermis and hypodermis develop from mesoderm
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Developmental Aspects of the Integument: Fetal
•Lanugo – downy coat of delicate hairs covering the fetus during 5th and 6th monthsShed by 7th month when vellus hairs start to appear
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Developmental Aspects of the Integument: Fetal
•Vernix caseosa – a white, cheesy looking substance produced by sebaceous glands that protects the skin of the fetus in the amnion (babies are born with it)
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Developmental Aspects of the Integument: Fetal
•Milia – small white spots on forehead and nose caused by accumulations in sebaceous glands
Disappears by third week after birth
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• Skin and hair become oilier and acne may appear in adolescence
• Skin shows the effects of cumulative environmental assaults around age 30
• Scaling and dermatitis become more common as we age
Developmental Aspects of the Integument: Adolescent
to Adult
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• Epidermal replacement of cells slows and skin becomes thinner
• Skin becomes dry and itchy• Subcutaneous fat layer diminishes,
leading to intolerance of cold
Developmental Aspects of the Integument:
Old Age
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• Decreased elasticity and loss of subcutaneous tissue leads to wrinkles
• Decreased numbers of melanocytes and Langerhans’ cells increase the risk of skin cancer
Developmental Aspects of the Integument:
Old Age
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• By 50 the number of active hair follicles is less, and hair thins.
• Hair loses its luster• Delayed-action genes responsible
for graying and male pattern baldness become active
Developmental Aspects of the Integument:
Old Age
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