Download - Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:
![Page 1: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LIVING THINGS INHERIT TRAITS IN PATTERNS
Chapter 4.1, 4.2C
![Page 2: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:
![Page 3: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
4.1: Parents and Offspring are Similar
Traits are either: Inherited: traits you get from
your parents (hair color, eye color,
face shape, etc…) Acquired: developed over your
lifetime (learned behaviors, i.e. reading, writing, riding a bike, etc…)
![Page 4: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Traits are Controlled by Genes
Genes: located on chromosomes and code for a particular product (trait)
You inherit genes from your parents (heredity)
Your cells contain 23 chromosome pairs (homologs) to equal your 46 chromosomes
You received half of You received half of
each homolog from each homolog from
your mother. your father.
![Page 5: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Traits are Controlled by Genes
Each homolog contains sites where genesare located.
Though the gene may be present on both,the form of the gene may be different.
Alleles: the various forms of the same gene
![Page 6: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chromosome Pairs
Humans chromosomes are numbered 1-22; the 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes are X-chromosomes and Y-chromosomes
Female: XX Male: XY
![Page 8: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
male
female
![Page 9: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Gregor Mendel made some important discoveries about heredity…
Performed an experiment with pea plants
Discovered that each plant must have two factors for each possible trait, one factor from each parent (Mendel’s “factors” are now known as genes and alleles)
Alleles interact to produce traits
![Page 10: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Alleles Interact to Produce Traits Phenotype: describes your physical
characteristics that can be observed (eye color, hair color)
Genotype describes the actual genes that you have on your DNA; not always obvious
![Page 11: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Alleles Interact to Produce Traits
Mendel found that we have two copies ofeach allele (one from mom, one from dad)
Alleles can be Dominant
Physically expressed regardless of what other allele it is paired with
Always expressed as a capital letter (T) (Ex: tallness is the dominant trait for pea plant height)
Recessive Physically expressed only when paired with another
recessive allele Always expressed as a lower-case letter (t) (Ex:
dwarfism is the recessive trait for pea plant height)
![Page 12: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
4.2: Punnett Squares
Punnett Squares show possible outcomes for inheritance.
Mendel noticed that traits are inherited in patterns.
Punnett squares illustrate how the parents’ alleles might combine in offspring.
Each parent has two alleles for a particular gene. An offspring receives one allele from each parent. A Punnett square shows how the parents’ alleles may be passed on to potential offspring.
![Page 13: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Punnett Squares
The letter “T”/”t” will refer to height (“T” being talldominant; “t” being shortrecessive)
![Page 14: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ratios and percentages can express the probability of outcomes Probability: the likelihood or chance
of a specific outcome in relation to the total number of possible outcomes
Ratio: compares the relationship of two quantities
Percentage: a ratio that compares a number to 100
![Page 15: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Practice…
A TT (tall) plant is crossed with a tt (short plant). What is the ratio of tall to short
offspring? What percentage of the offspring will be
tall?
![Page 16: Chapter 4.1, 4.2C. Make a list of the characteristics you see in the 3 children in the picture:](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d985/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
It is important to realize that Punnett squares and probability do not guarantee the outcome of a genetic cross. They indicate the probability of different outcomes. Actual experimental results may not match predicted outcomes.