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Chapter 4 Rocks
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Why should I care?
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You’ve just been abducted by aliens!!!
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What do I use to chop down trees with to build my new fortress?
They’ve abandoned you on another planet. NOW WHAT?!?!?!
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What kinds of rock will work? What can I do to make the axe? What else can I use rocks for?!?!?!
But first……..
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It is a hard substance that is made of one or more minerals
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Rocks are classified according to how they are formed.
1. Igneous Rocks –
“fire formed”
2. Sedimentary Rocks - “sediment rocks”
3. Metamorphic Rocks - “changed rock”
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The natural process of one rock type changing into another rock type.
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Magma
IgneousRock
SedimentSedimentary
Rock
MetamorphicRock
Heat, Pressure,& Chemical Reactions
Melting
Cooling & Crystallizing
Erosion & Weathering
Cementing & Compacting
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Rocks that are formed from magma (below) or lava (above)
Make up a large portion of the crust.
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Based on composition and texture.
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the size, shape, & relationships of the mineral crystals in a rock
a. Coarse Grain - large crystals
Granite Diorite
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b. Fine Grain - small crystals
c. Vesicular - full of holes because of gas bubbles
PumiceBasalt
RhyoliteBasalt
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d. Glassy - cools too fast to form crystals
e. Pyroclastic – cemented volcanic ash, cinders, & bombs
Obsidian
Scoria
Pumice
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Magma will cool and form mineral crystals at different temperatures.
Geologists can identify igneous rocks based on the specific minerals in the rock.
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Ж Igneous rocks with Igneous rocks with finefine grain grain texture are made from lavatexture are made from lava(Extrusive). (Extrusive).
ж Igneous rocks withIgneous rocks with coarse coarse grain grain texture are made from magma texture are made from magma (Intrusive).(Intrusive).
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Rocks formed by the cementing & compacting of small rock particles.
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1. As rocks are broken down by water & wind (weathering/erosion,) the rock particles (sediment) will sink to the bottom of a water source.
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2. Over a long period of time the sediment will build up in layers. The upper layers cause pressure on the lower layers (compacting.)
------physical process
Pressure =compacting
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3. In other cases, chemicals within the sediment will “glue” the sediment together forming a rock (cementing.)
-----chemical process
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Grouped based on how the rock was formed & where the sediment came from.
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Sedimentary rocks that are made of previously existing rock fragments.
These rocks are named based on the size & shape of the rock fragments within the main rock.
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EX: Sandstone & Shale
Conglomerate
Breccia
Sandstones
Shales
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Includes rocks that were formed as a result of mineral crystallization when water evaporated.
Ex: rock salt
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Includes organic rocks such as coal & fossils
Includes cavernous rocks such as stalactites & stalagmites.
Includes microcrystaline quartz rocks
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EX: Limestone & Flint
Flint/Chert
Limestones
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A rock that has changed in form because of heat, pressure, and/or chemical reactions.
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When a rock goes through a change it is called metamorphism.
Metamorphism can affect igneous and/or sedimentary rocks that are deep within the crust.
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Heat will cause the minerals within the rock to break down to form more heat resistant minerals.
Pressure will force the minerals to rearrange themselves.
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Chemicals within the rocks can alter or change the chemical make-up of the rock.
Shale----------Slate
Granite----------Gneiss
Limestone--------Marble
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Based on the arrangement of the grains within the rock.
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Metamorphic rocks that have mineral crystals arranged in parallel layers or bands.
The rock tends to break along the bands.
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EX: Schist, Gneiss, & Slate
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Metamorphic rocks that are NOT banded and do NOT break into layers.
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EX: Marble & Quartzite
Marble Quartzite
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How are rocks my friend in this situation?
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To Do list:
1.
Things I need to live:
1.