Chapter 4
States of Consciousness
RM: Py Test
What Is Consciousness?
• Awareness? Aware of what?
• Why is it like a stream?
• Normal consciousness?
• Altered states of consciousness?
Circadian Rhythm• Circadian rhythms >
biological changes that occur on a daily schedule
Hormones
Circadian Rhythm
Circadian Rhythm
• The free-running sleep-wake cycle is ~25 hours.
• To = a 24-hour day, the cycle is reset by external cues.
Circadian Rhythm
• Jet travel, shift work can disrupt rhythms
• Jet lag > difference between internal clock and time in environment.
• Easier to adapt to phase delays (east-west travel) than to phase advances
• Rotating shifts
• Sleep deprivation
The Study of Sleep
• About 90 minutes > NREM (Stages I to 4) REM.
• Adults repeat cycle 4-6 times per night
Sleep and Consciousness
Sleep and aging
Sleep and aging
Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia• Apnea• Narcolepsy Narcolepsy II• Sleepwalking (Stage 4) • Sleep terrors (Stage 4) sleep; usually disappears
w/o tx.• REM sleep behavior disorder > usually men• SIDS
Dreams
• REM sleep
• Freud > dreams fulfill sexual and aggressive wishes; we forget dreams because of repression.
• Analyze manifest content to get at latent content (the “true meaning”).
• Latent content
• Activation-synthesis
Hypnosis
• ~90 – 95 % hypnotizable• Used in pain relief: Relaxation? Distraction? Expectations?
Hypnosis
• Crime recall - Improves recall, more sure, but sometimes more distorted• Age regression• Past-life regression
4-14
Psychoactive Substances
• Chemicals that can alter consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior• How do you know if you are addicted?
• Work/school• Health• $• Relationships
• Terms:• Tolerance• Withdrawal
• Most widely used illicit drug?
4-15
Incidence of Illicit Drug Use
4-16
Theories of Addiction
• Biological• Ego-Deficit (Psychosocial)
4-17
Drug Use: Alcohol
• ~ 40% of traffic fatalities• ~ 80% of HS students in last year have had a drink• CNS inhibitant • Most states have lowered the BAC that defines intoxication to .08.• Korsakoff’s syndrome
DUI
4-18
Ilicit Drugs
Barbiturates• CNS depressant• Related to benzodiazapines; includes valium and rohypnol
Amphetamines/stimulants• Ritalin, Cylert, Adderall; Caffeine• Methamphetamine (ice, crystal, glass, tweak, crank)• Cocaine - leaves of coca plant
Opiates• heroin, morphine
Hallucinogens• PCP, Ecstasy (MDMA, X, XTC), LSD (acid)
[next]
4-19
Long-Term Effects of Ecstasy
Growing evidence that MDMA can have dramatic effects on memory and attention.
4-20
Nicotine
Largest single preventable cause of premature death in USA
Anti-smoking commercial
4-21Second-hand smoke
Altering Consciousness With Drugs
• Hallucinogens > changes in perception, including hallucinations. – lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)– phencyclidine piperidine (PCP).