Download - Chapter 4 part 2 China and Rome
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Chapter 4 Comparing China and Rome
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Mandate of Heaven
The gods support
honorable kings
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Mandate of Heaven Dynastic CycleNew King claims Mandate of Heaven
Peace and generosity to the people
By the 3rd or 4th king rules a time of prosperity
Builds infrastructure and protects the people
CorruptionHigh taxes and abuse
Infrastructure decays
Dynasty loses Mandate of Heaven and is overthrown
Chaos, Civil War, Invasions
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Chinese Iron Age began c. 600 BCE(Greek began 1000 BCE)
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Waring Sates Period
475-221 BCE
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Qin Shihuangdi(259-210 BCE)
221 BCE Unified China
“1st Emperor”
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Qin Dynasty 221-206 BCE
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Legalism – Stability after Waring States
•Harsh laws and order• Branding and mutilation as
punishments•Centralized government power• Burned books and killed scholars• People couldn’t own weapons
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Standardized
MoneyLanguage RoadsEtc.
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Expanded empireWalls to keep out northern “barbarians”
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The Great Walls-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Combination of walls built over 2,000 years
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35,000 miles of walls
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Shihuangdi’s death was
followed by power struggle
Qin lost Mandate of
Heaven
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8,000+ Terra-Cotta Soldiers “Guard” Qin’s Tomb
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Liu Bang(Gaozu)
(256-195 BCE)
Rebel Leader who founded the
Han Dynasty
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Han Dynasty206 BCE-220 CE Pop. 60,000,000
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Liu BangFavored
Confucianism over Legalism
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Built roads, bridges, walls, canals, etc.Consolidated Power
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Buddhism introduced
(slow to catch on)
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Aside from Buddhism, Chinese culture dominated those they conquered
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Emperor Wudir. 141-87 BCE
Most Powerful Han Ruler
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Civil Service Exam
taken between
ages20-30
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Collapse of the Han-Over expanded-Huge economic gap = Internal Revolt-“Barbarian” Invasion
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Yellow Turban Rebellion 184-205 CEPeasant Revolt
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After a chaotic
period the Sui
dynasty formed
Dynastic Cycle
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The Roman Republic and Empire
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Romulus and Remus
753 BCE founding of Rome509 BCE defeat of the Etruscans
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Roman Republic 510-27 BCEElected officials govern the state without a king
Longest lasting republic in history
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Senatus Populusque Romanus
"The Roman Senate and People"
Fasces - Symbol of Strength Through Unity
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300 SenatorsPatricians in for life
TribunesRepresented Plebeians
Consuls - daily affairs and militaryPraetors - as judges
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300 Senators (Patricians in for life)controlled $ and foreign relations
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Checks and BalancesElected MagistratesConsuls, Censors, Praetors
-Daily Affairs-Led the Army-Judges and Priests
Senate-Controlled $-Foreign Relations-Reviewed Laws
Assemblies and Tribunes -Elected Magistrates-Approved Laws-Courts-Declared War
Tribunes had Veto Power
Ruled Senate
Could Refuse To Give $
Could Reject Laws
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Gracchi BrothersTiberius and Gaius
c. 100s BCE
Plebeian tribunes that attempted to
redistribute land to the poor and veterans
Both Assassinated
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Carthage (a Phoenician colony)
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The Punic WarsRome vs. Carthage
First: 264-241BCESecond: 218-201 BCE (Hannibal)
Third: 149-146 BCE (Destroyed Carthage)
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Hannibal Barca
247-183 BCECarthaginian General 2nd Punic War
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Rome supposedly sowed salt into the fields of Carthage
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The Crumbling Republic-Class Conflicts
-Power of Military Officers
-“Non-Romans”
-Civil War
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c. 100 BCERoman
Armies more loyal to their
generals than to the Republic
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The First TriumvirateSplit rule of Rome led to fighting
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Julius Caesar Gnaeus Pompey Marcus Crassus
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Gaius Julius Caesar
(101-44 BCE)Roman General
and Dictator
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Genocide of the Gauls
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49 BCE Caesar crossed the Rubicon
Rome
"The die has been cast"
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“If you must break the law, do it to seize power: in all other
cases observe it.”
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In Egypt…Pompey was killed and Caesar fathered a child with Cleopatra
x x
Cleopatra VII 69-30 BCE
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Julius Caesar Ruled As
Dictator Of Rome
49-44 BCE“Veni, vidi, vici”
“I came, I saw, I conquered”
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Popular and generous to
the people but not trusted by
the Senate
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3-15-44 BCE Caesar was Assassinated
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Civil War forControl of Rome Caesar’s Assassins (Brutus)
vs.Caesar’s Friendsvs. Caesar’s Family (Octavian)
(Antonyand Cleopatra)
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Octavianbecame
Augustus Caesar1st Roman Emperor
r. 27 BCE-14 CE
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Roman Empire27 BCE-476 CE
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• What makes a nation powerful?–Constant war or peace?
•Pax Romana 27 BC-180 AD–Peace, trade, order, stability–Roman culture flourished
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“I found Rome
built of bricks; I leave her clothed in marble.”
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Tiberius2nd Roman Emperor
r. 14-37 CE
*Christianity emerged
during his rule
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Caligula3rd Roman Emperor
r. 37-41 CE
Claudius4th Roman Emperor
r. 41-54 CE
Nero5th Roman Emperor
r. 54-68 CE
Violent end to the emperors 3-5
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68-69 CE Civil War and a new dynasty
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Hadrian’s Wall Marked the end of Roman
expansion, 117 CE
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Multi-Ethnic EmpireWould grant citizenship, but always
some “us” and “them”
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Roman Roads
50,000+ miles
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1,992 miles from Evansville to Los Angeles (12+ trips there and back)
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Problems: Inflation, taxes, weak leaders, power struggles
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285 CE: Empire Split due to increasing problems
Diocletian Constantine
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The Fall of Rome• Over expanded– Mass debt, Inflation, Poverty–Marginalized non-Romans and
“barbarian” mercenaries wanted more• East/West division• Invasion: Goths, Vandals, Huns, and
other Germanic Tribes• Christianity undermined old order
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410 Alaric and the Visigoths sacked Rome
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476 CE, the West Fell
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“The Western Empire was brought down by a specific military crisis – Germanic invasion, made more serious by the arrival in the West of an Asiatic people, the Huns, and exacerbated by civil wars within the empire…
What is so striking about the fall of Rome is the collapse of material sophistication that ensued. This happened, I believe, precisely because the Roman world was not entirely dissimilar to our own: complex economies are very fragile because they rely on hugely sophisticated networks or production and distribution. If these are seriously disrupted, widely and over a long period of time, the entire house of cards can collapse. … The Romans, like us, enjoyed the fruits of a complex economy, both material and intellectual. And like us, they assumed their world would go on forever.” -Bryan Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization, 2005
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The West fragmented, but the East …
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Byzantine Empire 330-1453
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Consider this...Did Rome actually “fall”?
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Which were ethnically and culturally diverse?
Persia Greece Alexander Rome China