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Chapter 31 – Section 1
Southeast Asia
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History• Influenced by Chinese and Indian culture.
• China ruled northern Vietnam from 111 BC to 939 AD; art, technology, politics and ethnical beliefs shaped their culture.
• Hinduism and Buddhism spread into the region influencing religion and art.
Southeast Asia
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• Mandalas were states organized as rings of power around a central court; sometimes their regions overlapped forcing rulers to form alliances for the state to survive.
• Khmer Empire was a powerful mandala from the 9th to 15th centuries in Cambodia.
Maṇḍala (मण्डल) is a Sanskrit word that means "circle".
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• 1300-1800 – Five powerful states existed where Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Java and the Malay Peninsula are now.
• Similar to mandalas, but were larger and more complex.
• National identities and urbanization began to develop.
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Colonialism• 1509 – Europeans began to arrive seeking wealth; Spanish took
control of the Philippines.
• Took control of SE Asian trade; wealth flowed to Europe.
• 20th Century – Europeans controlled most of the region.– Setup centralized governments; forced locals to produce goods for Europe;
unintentionally sparked nationalism amongst SE Asians.
– Gained western education and groups united against Europeans.
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Independence• Japan occupied SE Asia during WWII; put SE Asians in leadership roles.
• Some became independent peacefully, others had to fight. – Indonesia fought the Dutch from 1945-1949.
• Indochina was a French colony made up of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam; suffered a lot of turmoil.
• 1954 – Vietnamese defeated the French winning independence for Indochina.
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• The US became involved in South Vietnam to prevent its taken over by Communist North Vietnam.
• 1957-1975 – Vietnam War resulted from this conflict.
• 1973 – US withdrew and in 1975 South Vietnam surrendered; the country united ruled by Communists; took control of Laos and Cambodia.
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Economy• Vietnam war destroyed factories and roads; thousands fled reducing
the workforce.
• Traditional economies based on agriculture; industry and manufacturing have been growing; tourism.
• ASEAN Association of Southeast Asia Nations is an alliance that promotes economic growth and peace in the region.
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Culture• Absorbed many influences, but used them to create a unique culture.
• Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam are the main religions; Philippines is mostly Catholic due to Spanish colonialism.
• Angkor Wat is a famous ancient temple located in Cambodia.
• Thailand & Indonesia have traditional dances; Poetry is popular in Vietnam. “Kim van Kieu” is a famous 3,000+ line poem about love.
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Nature is reclaiming the temple.
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Changing Lifestyles• Villages: wooden houses on stilts with thatched roofs; Buddhist
temple is center of social life.
• Cities: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Singapore are bustling, modern cities; most people live in apartments; housing shortage causing people to live in slums.
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Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chapter 31 – Section 2
Oceania
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History• Prehistoric people arrived on the islands using land bridges and
canoes. Had little contact with the outside world; developed their own ways of life.
• Micronesia – “tiny islands”
• Melanesia – “black islands”
• Polynesia – “many islands”
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Nations of Oceania• Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of
Micronesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu & Vanuatu
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Contact with the West• 1500s – Europeans explore the Pacific; British captain James Cook
was the 1st European to visit most of the islands.
• 1800s – Missionaries arrived trying to convert the islanders to Christianity; traders came for goods; settlers started plantations.
• Islander life declined; many died from diseases; western ways replaced traditions and the US & Europe turned islands into territories and possessions.
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Crash Course World HistoryThe Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook
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Recent History• 20th Century – during WWII the Allies and Japanese fought fierce
battles in the Pacific to gain control of the region.
• Some islands were used as test sites for nuclear bombs.
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Economy• Most people work not for wages but at subsistence activities: family
produces only the food, clothing and shelter they need themselves.
• Despite poor soil, agriculture is the main economic activity; chief crops are bananas, sugar, cocoa, coffee and copra: dried meat of coconuts. Fishing, mining, manufacturing & tourism.
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Culture• Very diverse linguistic region; over 1,100 languages spoken.
• Christianity is widespread due to missionaries; native religions are still practiced by some.
• Traditional dances with elaborate costumes; arts and crafts made from palm trees.
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Cook Islands Dancing
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Island Life• Most people in Polynesia live in villages often led by a chief with
economies centered around fishing or farming.
• Taro is a major crop; a plant with a starchy root.
• Most Micronesians live in extended family groups.
• In Melanesia, many live in villages or were hunter-gatherers.
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Recent Change• Modern communication systems have unified the islands.
• Oceania has few cities; but there has been rapid urbanization.
• Problems: shantytowns and poor sanitation; loss of traditional life.
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Chapter 31 – Section 3
Australia, New Zealand & Antarctica
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History• 1788 – Great Britain founded Sydney, Australia as a penal colony, a
place to send prisoners. Ended ship arrived in 1868. – About 20% of Australians are descended from the transported convicts.
• The Aboriginal people migrated to Australia from Asia about 40,000 years ago.
• The Maori settled New Zealand after migrating from Polynesia more than 1,000 years ago.
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Did you know that blonde hair is not native to Europeans?
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Europeans Arrive• 1769/1770 – Captain James Cook explores Australia & NZ.
• 1820 – Antarctica was first discovered (Russian, British, American).
• 1788 – Britain begins to colonize Australia; called New South Wales until 1820. Violent conflicts with the Aboriginal people.
• NZ was colonized by hunters & whalers from Europe, America and Australia.
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• 1840 – The British and several Maori tribes signed the Treaty of Waitangi, giving Britain control over NZ, however, the translations of the document differed for each side. – English version: Britain has full control of NZ.
– Maori version: Britain has governorship over NZ.
• 1845-1987 - Disagreement over the terms caused the Land War; tens of thousands of Maori died from diseases.
• 1851 – Gold is discovered in Australia & NZ; hundreds of thousands flock here; few make it rich; most stayed.
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Modern Nations• 1901 – Australian colonies united and became 1 unified country.
• 1907 – New Zealand becomes self governing; both countries are part of the British Commonwealth; free association of Great Britain with its former colonies.
• 1893 – New Zealand is the 1st country to grant women voting rights.
Opening the first Commonwealth Parliament of Australia, Melbourne, 9 May 1901
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Issues• Native people have less education and higher rates of poverty; to
improve their lives some want to return to their former lands.
• 1959 – 12 Countries made a treaty preserving Antarctica for research; 7 countries claim territory here; not recognized by many.
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Economy• Agriculture; farm products are major exports; butter, meat, cheese, wool,
fruits and vegetables; sheep ranching.
• Mining earns Australia a lot of money; deposits are located far from cities making it difficult.
• Australia does not have a lot of manufacturing; 65% of jobs are in the service industry; want to diversify. NZ is #1 kiwi producer.
Sheep farmer found this snake on his property.
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Cultures • Australia: Most people are of British decent; changing due to
immigration; 20% foreign born; 1% Aboriginal descent.
• Drive on the left; Christianity is the major religion.
• Aboriginal people have an ancient tradition of painting humans and animal figures.
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• New Zealand: Most people are of British descent; called pakehas(term for white people) by the Maori.
• 15% of people are descended from the Maori; culture is a blend of the two; both English & Maori languages are official languages.
• Christianity is the major religion; some combine with Maori traditions.
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Wedding Haka
A haka - with its shouting, body-slapping and exaggerated facial expressions - is used in traditional Maori culture as a war cry to intimidate the enemy, but also to welcome special guests and at celebrations. Ms. Armstrong said the haka was a sign of respect
from her husband's best man and family. Women do not normally perform the haka in Maori culture but she said they can do at weddings.
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Modern Life• Australia and New Zealand are very urbanized; 85% live in cities; 70%
own their own homes. – More traffic jams and pollution in Australia due to larger population and more
industry.
• Climates allow of many outdoor activities; Australian rules football.
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Australian
Football
League
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Melbourne, Australia
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Australian Beach