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Chapter 3: The Self and Self Presentation
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The Self
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGv1Nay2z-U
What is the Self?
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Who Am I?
Our answers reflect:
– Self-schema
– Self-concept
– Thoughts about ourselves
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The Nature & Origin of Self
Symbolic Interaction Theory– Self is active– Self is passive
William I. James & George H. Mead:– Active aspect of the self is the
I.– Object of self-action is the me.
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Steps in the Origin of Self
1. Self-Differentiation
2. Role Taking
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Self-Differentiation
Distinguish our faces and bodies from others
–Not born with this ability
–Acquire very quickly•18 to 24 months•Baby in bath
– http://vimeo.com/2654937
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Role Taking
Imagine self from position of another person
View self and situation from that person’s perspective
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The Looking Glass Self
• Charles Horton Cooley
-Significant others- As child interacts with others, the number of significant others increases
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Stages in the Development of Self Mead (1934) identified
two sequential stages
1.Play Stage
2.Game Stage
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Stages in Developing the Self
#1 Play Stage- –Young children imitate other people
–Father–Mail carrier–Doctor…
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#1 Play Stage
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Stages in Developing the Self
#2 Game Stage–– Complex activities– Playing house or school– Team sports
– Imagine viewpoints of several others at the same time
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#2 Game Stage
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The Game Stage: Baseball
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The Generalized Other
- View of attitudes & expectations held by members of organized groups
We imagine what a group expects of us– Taking role of generalized
other
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The Self We Know
1. Specific identities2. Reactions of others3. Varies with situation
Example: Communicate over internet- Create identity- May have multiple identities
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Identities
Meanings attached to self
–Linked to social roles
–Membership in groups
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Role Identities
Self in specific roles
Develop a different view of who we are –an identity
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Adoption of a Social Identity
Involves socialization into the group of which the role is a part–Agents of socialization
–Anticipatory socialization
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Social Identities in Groups
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Situated Self
Self-concepts distinctive to the setting and
Relevant to activities
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Situated Self
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Identities: The Self We Enact
Enact behaviors that
Evoke responses to
Confirm particular identities
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Hierarchy of Identities Importance of an identity varies
from situation to situation – Organize identities into a
hierarchy – According to their salience
Importance of identity (salience)– More situations as opportunities
to enact identity
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Effects of Self-awareness http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vA2cDV4K9jg
Focusing on our own:–Appearance–Actions–Thoughts
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Effects of Self-awareness Things that increase self-
awareness–Mirrors–Pictures–Voice recording–Video clip
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Assessing Self-Esteem
Overall self-esteem–All identities
Role Specific self-esteem–Individual identities
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Self-esteem
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Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale
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Sources of Self-Esteem
Three sources:1. Family Experiences:
– Acceptance– Discipline
2. Performance Feedback:– Effectiveness of our actions
3. Social Comparison:– Successes and failures with those of
others
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Self Presentation
Varies situation to situation: (Examples)
– To parents, as good son or daughter
– To friends, as “cool“ and “with it”
– At a bar, as old enough to be served drinks
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Self-Disclosure Sharing our identity (s) with
another
Usually bilateral or reciprocal The “norm of reciprocity”
– Sharing too much intimate information often weakens the relationship
– May lead to disliking
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Tactical Impression Management
Conscious, goal-directed activity to control information
To influence impressions
Expression of emotions may be appropriate or inappropriate. – For example:– Service workers must conceal anger or
fear– Surgeon expressing fear before
operating on your child
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Managing Appearances
Impression an individual makes depends not only on clothes, makeup, and grooming
But also on props in the environment
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Managing Appearances Irving Goffman draws parallel between theater’s front and back stages & the regions we use in managing appearances.
– Front Region – – Accessible to outsiders – Normative expectations
– Back Region –– Settings inaccessible to outsiders where – one violates front region performances.
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Ineffective Self-Presentations & Spoiled Identities
Some recover when their identity is challenged
Others have a permanently spoiled identity
– Ex President Richard Nixon– Designer Martha Stewart
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Cooling-Out and Saving Face
Gently persuading a person whose performance is unsuitable to accept a less desirable, though still reasonable, alternative identity.– Example: Switching from pre-med to
psychology
Often causes identity degradation Offender becomes a non-person; One who can not be trusted to perform
in the original role