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Chapter 3
North America in the North America in the Atlantic World, 1650–Atlantic World, 1650–
17201720
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Ch. 3: North America in the Atlantic World, 1650–1720
70 years establish economic and political patterns for 1700s
Ever greater European, African, and American interaction
Slavery develop in English colonies, and colonies active in Atlantic trade
England reform colonial administration Increased conflict
between English and Indians with other Europeans in North America
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Fig. 3-CO, p. 58
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I. The Growth of Anglo-American Settlements
Civil War and Interregnum (16421660) between King and Parliament affect colonies
Restored Stuart King Charles II grants 6 “proprietorships” to royal supporters
Vest land and government in small group New York granted to Duke of York (1664) Easily conquer Dutch settlements there
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Table 3-1, p. 61
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Map 3-1, p. 62
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Table 3-2, p. 63
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I. Anglo-American Settlements (cont.)
NY population heterogeneous: Dutch, English, German, African, Native
American, and others Duke move cautiously to impose control Eventually allow elected legislature (1683) Duke grant land to Carteret and Berkeley for
New Jersey (1664) Unlike Duke, they successfully promote
migration by promise land, religious toleration, and legislature
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I. Anglo-American Settlements (cont.)
Quakers (radical egalitarians) move to NJ (1680s) to escape persecution
Penn found Pennsylvania as Quaker haven (1681)
Promote migration with policies similar to NJ
NJ and esp. PA grow quickly Like NY, heterogeneous Unlike others, Penn treat Indians fairly
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p. 64
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p. 64
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p. 63
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I. Anglo-American Settlements (cont.)
Carolina founded (1663) to block Spanish and produce valuable products
Quickly divided: north settled by Virginian tobacco planters;
South settled by English from Barbados Split formalized in 1729 Like other early colonies, S. Carolina
initially depend on Indians for survival Trade in deerskins and enslaved Indians
(POWs) affect Native American life
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p. 66
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I. Anglo-American Settlements (cont.)
Population growth: Chesapeake by immigration, including some “Atlantic creoles”
New England by natural increase In both, pressure to expand into interior In New England, some migrate to other
colonies or to growing towns For those who stay in small villages,
tensions contribute to witchcraft trials 100 tried pre-1690; few convicted
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I. Anglo-American Settlements (cont.)
Political Structures: despite variety, some common elements
Elected or appointed governor and council
Elected lower legislature or House Local: appointed magistrates in south New England elect town selectmen and
hold town meetings PA and NY hold local elections
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II. A Decade of Imperial Crises: The 1670s
Conflicts between Europeans and Native Americans
To expand into Great Lakes and Mississippi, New France war with Iroquois Confederacy
Spanish brutality cause Pueblo Revolt (1680) = most successful Indian uprising
Spanish regain colony by 1700, but forced to accommodate Pueblos more
Indian tribes war with each other to gain access to Spanish goods (horses and guns)
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p. 67
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Map 3-2, p. 69
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II. A Decade of Imperial Crises: The 1670s (cont.)
English tensions with Native Americans mostly over land, not trade or religion
Population and territorial expansion in New England lead Pokanoket chief, Philip, to attack (1675) with help from other tribes
Tide turn (1676): Philip lacks supplies English ally with key Indian tribes
Power of New England coastal tribes broken, but exhausting war for both sides
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II. A Decade of Imperial Crises: The 1670s (cont.)
Virginians attack Native Americans for land (1676), but royal governor not support them
Bacon (recent immigrant) leads war against Indians and rebellion against governor
Bacon supported by ex-indentured servants Rebellion collapses, but much Native American
land taken in 1677 treaty Push VA Indians west of Appalachians
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p. 70
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III. African Slavery on the Mainland
Chesapeake planters need labor, but fewer English migrating as indentured servants less population pressure (England) better opportunities in Restoration colonies
Adopt slavery model created by Portuguese imported to Caribbean and America
Pre-1660, few Africans in Chesapeake Status varied: free, indentured, or slave
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III. African Slavery on the Mainland (cont.)
Most Atlantic creoles — mixed race and came to North America from West Hemisphere
Ambiguities in Chesapeake laws reflect gradual move to perpetual bondage
As spread, concepts of “race” and “slave” defined in all colonies
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IV. Atlantic Slave Trade
Trade shift focus of European economy From Mediterranean and Asia to Atlantic Atlantic trade (Map 3.3) very complex Each region had distinct role Slavery = linchpin; system fueled by
trading slaves goods made by slaves slave food
Europeans compete for slave trade: 1st Portuguese; then Dutch; then English
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Map 3-3, p. 72
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p. 71
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IV. Atlantic Slave Trade (cont.)
Most North American slaves from West Africa
West African rulers = middlemen Sell prisoners of war to Europeans for
European goods In West Africa, trade cause
political centralization gender imbalance
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IV. Atlantic Slave Trade (cont.)
New England profit by exporting food and wood to Caribbean sugar plantations
Restoration colonies copy New England Some northerners become slave traders Trade brutal for slaves 10–20% die en route Another 20% die prior to or after voyage Europeans die too because of diseases
and poor conditions
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p. 75
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V. Enslavement of Africans and Indians
Barbados = 1st “slave society” in America Serve as model for slave codes in VA and SC Late 1600s, massive influx of Africans (mostly
male) to Chesapeake Slaves cost twice as much as indentures Increase gap between rich and poor planters SC planters import many slaves and use their
expertise (rice, indigo) for economic growth with so many in SC, more West African culture
survive; task system allow some autonomy
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p. 78
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p. 77
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V. Enslavement of Africans and Indians (cont.)
Indians also enslaved (e.g., losers in King Philip’s war)
Brutality of trade in Carolinas cause Yamasee War (1715)
Colonists win with reinforcements and Indian allies
Many Native Americans leave SC While most slaves in southern English
colonies, significant numbers in north
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V. Enslavement of Africans and Indians (cont.)
North: most Atlantic creoles from West Indies or Indians from Carolinas/Florida
Like south, most work in agriculture Some in urban areas (esp. NYC) As slavery increases, so does slave
resistance (usually running away) 7 big slave revolts in Caribbean (pre-1713) NYC (1712) = 1st revolt in North America Slaves = 15% of NYC population
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p. 79
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VI. Imperial Reorganization
English government eventually try to tax extensive and profitable Atlantic trade
Mercantilism and Navigation Acts (1651–73)
Assume competition for finite wealth Goal = self-sufficiency with positive trade
balance Colonies important to England:
market for products source of raw materials
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Mercantilism
Leaders of Europe believed: Wealth of a nation came mostly from its
possession of silver and gold. Exports to other nations were more
beneficial than imports Believed government interference in the
economy was both necessary and right.
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VI. Imperial Reorganization (cont.)
Navigation Acts center colonial trade on England only English or colonialists can trade; limit sale of “enumerated” colonial goods to
England or colonies; all colonial imports go through England later ban colonial exports that compete with
English products Effect on colonies mixed English face evasions — create new
courts w/o juries to try smugglers (1696)
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VI. Imperial Reorganization (cont.)
England also tries to increase political control Challenge tradition of local autonomy and
consent — free adult men with property expect voice in politics (taxes)
Dominion of New England (1686) Most drastic attempt: dissolve assemblies and
give Andros immense power End after Glorious Revolution (1688–89) But MA become royal colony with appointed
governor (NJ, NC, SC also royal colonies)
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p. 81
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VII. Witchcraft Crisis
Late 1600s: time of political uncertainty tension with Native Americans new war with France (King William’s, 1689–97)
Context for Witchcraft Crisis (1692); most severe in Salem: more than140 arrested; 20 killed
“Afflicted girls” offer easy answer to troubles End because governor and ministers question
legal validity of testimony by “afflicted girls”
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p. 82
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p. 82
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VIII. New Imperial Measures
England establish Board of Trade (1696) But British control still haphazard Colonists resent increased British control
(economic, political) But most adjust to it Some colonial elite support royal officials
(court parties) Others oppose (country interests)
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p. 74
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Summary: Discuss Links to the World and Legacy
Exotic Beverages -- how reflect global trade growth of genteel culture greater consumption
Legacy of era on US population? 1775: 20% of US population = African descent most African Americans today have colonial
ancestors Skin color variations among African
Americans and state laws?