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Chapter 27AMERICA AND THE WORLD,
1921–1945
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Failure of Treaty of Versailles
1923 – German presses produced 400,000,000,000,000,000 marks/day
Loaf of bread cost 4 million marks1933- Hitler came to power1922- Mussolini came to power1930s- militarists in power
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Isolationism
U.S. refused to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace
U.S. never joined the League of NationsDepression shifted focus to domestic
affairs
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FDR’s "Good Neighbor" Policy
Cooperation in tradeRenounced past imperialism
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Nye Committee
1935: Senator Gerald Nye led passage of neutrality legislation – U.S. trade/loans with nations at war
prohibited
1937--Japan invaded ChinaFDR permitted sale of arms to China
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War in Europe
FDR approved appeasement of HitlerJuly, 1939: FDR attacked neutrality acts
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The Road to War
U.S. remained at peace 1939–1941Roosevelt openly expressed favor for
Allies, moved cautiously to avoid outcry from isolationists
1939–1941: FDR sought help for England without actually entering the war
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From Neutrality to Undeclared War
U.S. greatly increased military spending and began a first-ever peacetime draft
U.S. ships transported war suppliesLend Lease aid to EnglandU.S. Navy told to shoot submarines on
sight
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The Election of 1940
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Showdown in the Pacific
Japanese invasion of Indochina prompted U.S. to end all trade with Japan– Cut off steel, iron, oil
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December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor attacked
Dec. 8, 1941 – FDR addressed Congress– By that afternoon, Congress voted 388-1 to
declare war on Japan– Germany and Italy declared war on US
2,403 American deaths– 68 civilians– 1,178 wounded– 1,177 dead from USS Arizona alone
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Wartime Partnerships
U.S.-English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill
Stalin + Soviet Union unsatisfied with alliance– Perceived itself as alone in conflict
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War in the Pacific
Two-pronged drive against Japan– Led by MacArthur + Nimitz
A turning point:– June, 1942: Victory at Midway launched
advance into Japanese-held territories– Japanese lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser,
250 planes– Allies began island hopping- winning back
territory island by island
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War in the Pacific
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World War II in the Pacific
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The Election of 1944
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War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy
Soviets did bulk of fighting against Germany– Over 10 million military deaths– Decided to control Eastern Europe to prevent
another German attack
United Nations created
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The Big 3 at Yalta
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Important Conferences of the Big 3
Tehran Conference (1943) – planned final strategy for war against Germany
– Stalin wanted a second front opened in Western Europe
Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) – agreement let Soviets control elections in Eastern Europe in exchange for agreeing to declare war on Japan
Potsdam Conference (July 1945) – discussed establishment of post-war order, peace treaties, and effects of war, after V-E Day (May 8)– Truman attended instead of FDR
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Victory
June 6, 1944: Normandy Invasion (D-Day)
May 8, 1945: Unconditional German surrender (V-E Day)
Manhattan Project– August 6: Atom bomb destroyed Hiroshima– August 9: Atom bomb destroyed Nagasaki
August 14: Japan surrendered (V-J Day)
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Invasion on the Beaches of Normandy
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World War II in Europe and North Africa
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Japanese Internment
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The Home Front
War ended depression Economy geared for military outputAutomobile factories converted to tank
and airplane productionWomen moved into the workplaceScarce goods rationedRosie the Riveter – image used to
attract women to wartime work force
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Rationing
= fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for military
Meant to distribute scarce items fairlyHouseholds received ration books w/
coupons to buy meat, shoes, sugar, gas, etc.