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Biology
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chapter 22.1
What is a Plant?
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Objectives
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
1. Describe the basic characteristics of
life .
2. Describe what plants need to
survive.
3. Describe the life cycle of plants.
4. Describe how the first plants
evolved.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
What Is a Plant?
What Is a Plant?
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that
have cell walls made of cellulose.
Plants develop from multicellular embryos
and carry out photosynthesis using the
green pigments chlorophyll a and b.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
What Is a Plant?
• Plants include trees, shrubs, and grasses, as well
as other organisms, such as mosses and ferns.
• Most plants are autotrophs, although a few are
parasites or saprobes that live on decaying
materials.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Plant Life Cycle
The Plant Life Cycle
• Plant life cycles have two alternating phases, a
diploid (2N) phase and a haploid (N) phase,
known as alternation of generations.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Plant Life Cycle
• Alternation
of
Generations
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
What Plants Need to Survive
What do plants need to survive?
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
What Plants Need to Survive
In order to survive, plants need:
• sunlight
• water and minerals
• gas exchange
• transport of water and nutrients
throughout the plant body
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
What Plants Need to Survive
Sunlight
• Plants use energy
from sunlight to
carry out
photosynthesis.
• Photosynthetic
organs such as
leaves are broad
and flat to
maximize light
absorption.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
What Plants Need to Survive
Water and Minerals
• All cells require a constant supply of water.
• Water is used up quickly when the sun is
shining. As a result, plants have structures that
limit water loss.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
What Plants Need to Survive
• As they absorb water, plants also absorb minerals.
• Minerals are nutrients in the soil needed for plant
growth.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
What Plants Need to Survive
Gas Exchange
• Plants require oxygen to support cellular
respiration as well as carbon dioxide to carry
out photosynthesis.
• They must exchange these gases with the
atmosphere without losing excessive amounts
of water through evaporation.
Is like your lungs,
nose and mouth
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
What Plants Need to Survive
Movement of Water and Nutrients
• Plants take up water and minerals through their
roots, but they make food in their leaves.
• Most plants have specialized tissues that carry
water and nutrients from the soil and distribute
products of photosynthesis throughout the plant
body.
• Simpler plants carry out these functions by
diffusion.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Early Plants
Early Plants
• When plants first appeared, life on Earth
changed.
• As plants colonized the land, they changed the
environment so other organisms could develop.
• New ecosystems arose, and organic matter
began to form soil.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Early Plants
How did the first plants evolve?
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Early Plants
The first plants evolved from an organism
similar to the multicellular green algae
living today.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Early Plants
• Multicellular green algae have the size, color, and
appearance of plants.
• They have reproductive cycles similar to those of
plants.
• Green algae also have
• cell walls made of cellulose
• and photosynthetic pigments that are identical
to those of plants.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Early Plants
The First Plants
• DNA sequences confirm that plants are closely
related to certain groups of green algae,
suggesting that the ancestors of the first plants
were indeed algae.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Early Plants
• The oldest known plant fossils, about 450 million
years old, are similar to today’s mosses.
• They had a simple structure and grew close to the
ground.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Early Plants
Fossils suggest that the first plants needed water to
complete their life cycles.
The demands of life on land favored the evolution of
plants that were:
• more resistant to the drying rays of the sun.
• more capable of conserving water.
• more capable of reproducing without water.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Early Plants
From these plants, several major groups of plants
evolved.
• One group developed into the mosses and their
relatives.
• Another group gave rise to all other plants.
All plants have evolved different adaptations for a variety of terrestrial environments.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Overview of the Plant Kingdom
Overview of the Plant Kingdom
Plants are divided into four groups based on these
features:
• water-conducting tissues
• seeds
• flowers
Plants are also classified by other features,
including reproductive structures and body plan.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Overview of the Plant Kingdom
Evolutionary Relationships Among Plants
Flowering plants
Cone-bearing plants
Ferns and
their relativesMosses and
their relatives
Flowers; Seeds
enclosed in fruit
Water-conducting (vascular)
tissue
Seeds
Green algae
ancestor
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Overview of the Plant Kingdom
• Today, scientists can classify plants more precisely
by comparing the DNA sequences of various
species.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
22–1
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22–1
Most plants alive today are
a. cone-bearing.
b. flowering.
c. ferns.
d. mosses.
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22–1
The two phases of a plant's life cycle are
referred to as
a. alternation of generations.
b. spontaneous generation.
c. biogenesis.
d. sexual and asexual.
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22–1
Which statement accurately describes a way that plants meet their basic needs?
a. Plants take in carbon dioxide from soil through their roots.
b. Plants obtain the energy for photosynthesis from sunlight.
c. Plants obtain minerals by exchanging gases with the atmosphere.
d. Plants absorb water through their broad, flat leaves.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
22–1
The first group of plants to evolve from green
algae were the
a. cone-bearing plants.
b. ferns.
c. mosses.
d. flowering plants.
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22–1
The diploid phase of the plant life cycle is known
as the
a. sporophyte.
b. gametophyte.
c. egg.
d. spore.
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