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Chapter 21: Kingdom Fungi Notes
Mysterious Molds,Mildews,
And Mushrooms
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What do we already know about Fungi?
From our Classification unit, we should already know many things about fungi
Eukaryote or prokaryote? Unicellular or multicellular?Cell wall or not?
What is it made of?
Autotroph or heterotroph?
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Fungi are in their own kingdom
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Characteristics of members of the Kingdom Fungi:
1. Eukaryotic2. most are multicellular, except yeast
which are unicellular3. have cell walls made of chitin
Penicillium
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Characteristics of members of the Kingdom Fungi:
4. are NOT plants becausea. Plants are autotrophs: They use
photosynthesis to make their own food (sugars)
b. Fungi are heterotrophs: They do not make their own food and must obtain food from the organisms or materials on which they live. Fungi are decomposers.
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How do you know that fungi in these pictures are heterotrophs?
Corn smut Moldy leaf Bleu cheese
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Multicellular fungi are composed of:1. Thin filaments called hyphae tangled
together into a mass called mycelium.
2. A fruiting body, the reproductive structure (like the part of the mushroom that you see above ground).
Hyphae Without Cross Walls
Nuclei
Cell wall
Nuclei
Cytoplasm
Cross wall
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Hyphae With Cross Walls
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Mycelium
Fruiting bodyHyphae
Label this in your notes!
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Fungi Reproduction
1. In their life cycle, most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually.
2. They can produce spores that can spread (think of them like fungus seeds) and grow into a new fungus.
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Fungal spores
Aspergillus fumigatus (found on pillows)
Penicillium
Nidula niveotomentosa (Bird’s nest fungus)
Bark beetle wing pit fungi
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Types of Fungi – complete the notes for this section on the
tableCommon Name: Common Molds
Phylum: Zygomycota
CharacteristicsCan grow on foods such as meat, cheese, and bread. They appear fuzzy and can be different colors.
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Types of Fungi – complete the notes for this section on the table
Characteristics:Reproduce asexually by producing haploid
spores on the sporangium atop long supportive hyphae called a sporangiophore.
Example:• bread mold • black mold • bleu cheese mold
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FERTILIZATION
Diploid
Haploid
MEIOSIS
Sexual ReproductionAsexual
Reproduction
Zygospore (2N)
Spores (N)
Sporangium
Zygospore (2N)
+ Mating type (N)Stolons
Rhizoids
- Mating type (N)Spores (N)
Sporangiophore
Sporangium
Gametangia
Section 21-2
Figure 21-5 The Life Cycle of Rhizopus
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Types of FungiCommon Name: Sac Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Characteristics:In a moist, warm, anaerobic (without oxygen) environment, yeast will rapidly divide and perform alcoholic fermentation. Saccharomyces in the presence of sugar will perform alcoholic fermentation converting sugar into carbon dioxide and alcohol.
This is what makes bread rise (CO2 makes the “holes” in the bread, and the alcohol evaporates) and alcoholic beverages alcoholic (alcohol stays there and CO2 make beverages bubble)
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Types of FungiCommon Name: Sac Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Example: • yeast • cup fungus
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FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
HYPHAE FUSE
Diploid
Haploid
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Section 21-2
Figure 21-7 The Life Cycle of an Ascomycete
Hypha (N)
Hypha (N)
Conidiophore
Conidia (N)
+ Mating type (N)
- Mating type (N)
8 Ascospores (N)
Ascus
Zygote (2N)
Ascus (N + N)
Fruiting body (N + N)Hyphae (N + N)
GametangiaAsci
Hyphae (N)
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Types of Fungi
Common Name: Sac Fungi
Example: morels, trufflesYeastMorel
sTruffles
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Types of FungiCommon Name: Club Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Characteristics:The fruiting body resembles a club, that has basidia (spore-bearing part) on the underside of the club part.
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FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
HYPHAE FUSE
Fruiting body (N + N)
Button
Secondary mycelium (N + N)
Primary mycelium (N)
+ Mating type (N)
- Mating type (N)
Basidiospores (N)
Zygote (2N)
Basidia (N + N)
Gills lined with basidia
Gills
Stalk
Base
Cap
Haploid
Diploid
Section 21-2
Figure 21-8 The Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete
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Types of FungiClub Fungi-These are the ones we eat, but most
are poisonous. Never pick and eat a wild
mushroom, they can kill you!!!Examples: Mushrooms, puffballs
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Poisonous Medicinal
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Types of Fungi
Common Name: Imperfect FungiPhylum: Deuteromycota Characteristics:They do not appear to go through a
sexual reproductive stage.
*Includes all the fungi that scientists cannotplace into the other phyla because they havenever observed a sexual phase in the life
cycle.
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Types of FungiCommon Name:
Imperfect Fungi
Example: Penicillium is
a mold that grows on fruit- it is the source
of penicillin (an
antibiotic).
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Diverse Roles of FungiFungi are not all gross (like we sometimes assume)What do we already know about fungi and their niche (role in the ecosystem)
What are some good fungi?What are some bad fungi?
Planet Earth time:23:30
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Diverse roles of fungi1. Pathogens
a. Plant pathogens: smut and rusts
Corn smut
Rust fungi Melamspora
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Diverse roles of fungi
1. Pathogensb. Animal pathogens:
i. Some species can kill insects and use their body as food (see page 539)
Planet Earth time:27:00
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Diverse roles of fungi1. Pathogens
b. Animal pathogens: ii. Fungi known as dermatophytes
cause athlete’s foot, jock itch, and ringworm**The fungus forms a mycelium within the outer layers of the skin.
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Athlete’s Foot
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Ringworm
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Diverse roles of fungi1. Pathogens
b. Animal pathogens: iii. The fungus Candida albicans
causes thrush (mouth infection), diaper rash, and yeast infections in the female reproductive tract.
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Thrush
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2. Decomposer: breaking down dead material & returning the organic material to the soil.
Diverse roles of fungi
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3. Food Source: mushrooms, bleu cheese, production of soy sauce
Diverse roles of fungi
Soy sauceEdible mushrooms
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4. Some Poisonous: can cause destruction of cells and organ failure, neurological symptoms, and gastrointestinal irritation
Diverse roles of fungi
“Angel of Death” Amanita Muscaria
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5. Medicinal purposesa. Penicillin: toxin produced by the
mold Penicillium notatum kills some bacteria by interfering with their ability to synthesize the cell wall.
Diverse roles of fungi
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penicillin bacteria
Penicillium produces a substance that is toxic to
some bacteria- discovered by Alexander Fleming in
1928.
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5. Medicinal purposesb. Cyclosporine: an immunosuppressant drug
widely used in organ transplant patients to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system to decrease the risk of organ rejection.
Diverse roles of fungi
CyclosporineTolypocladium inflatum
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6. Mutualistic symbiotic relationshipsa. Lichens: Lichens are not a single
organism, but rather a combination of two organisms, an alga and a fungus.
i. The alga provides energy by photosynthesis and the fungus provides water and minerals to the algae.
Diverse roles of fungi
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Lichen: fungus & alga
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6. Mutualistic symbiotic relationshipsb. Mycorrhizae are plant roots entangled
with fungal hyphae. The fungus releases nutrients from the soil and aids in the absorption of water by the plant roots, and the plant provides energy by photosynthesis to the fungus.
Diverse roles of fungi
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Mycorrhizae: Plant Root & Fungus
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Kingdom Fungi is a diverse kingdom!
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Let’s see if we can identify the type…
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Microscopy Photographs
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