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Chapter 19
진정세균:Deinococci와
프로테오박테리아 외그람 음성세균
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Chlamydiae 문
• Obligate intracellular parasite (절대세포내기생체)
• 주요한대사산물을숙주세포에의존
• 유전체크기가 1.0‐1.3 Mb에불과
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Chlamydiae 문
• Chlamydia Trachomatis– Non‐gonococcal urethritis (NGU, 비임균성요도염)
– The most common sexually transmitted disease (STD, 성병) in human
– Pelvic inflammatory disease (골반염)– Trachoma (결막염) – The single most important infectious agent associated with blindness
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Chlamydial Reproduction 1
• Elementary body (EB, 기본소체)– Non‐replicating infectious particle
• Reticulate body (RB, 망상체) – Replicating non‐infectious particle
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EBRB
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Spirochaetes 문
• Slender, long with flexible helical shape (나선모양)• Creeping (crawling) motility due to a structure called an axial filament (축사)
• Axial fibril (축세사)•5
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• Treponema pallidum (매독균)• Syphilis (매독) –성병
• Borrelia burgdorferi• 생합성에필요한유전자가없음• Lyme disease (라임병)• The most common tick (진드기)‐borne disease
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Spirochaetes 문
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Chapter 20
진정세균: 프로테오박테리아
(Phylum Proteobacteria)
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프로테오박테리아
• 그람음성균• 16s ribosomal RNA sequence에의한분류• ‐프로테오박테리아강• ‐프로테오박테리아강• ‐프로테오박테리아강• ‐프로테오박테리아강• ‐프로테오박테리아강
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‐프로테오박테리아 강
• 빈영양생물
• 영양물질이적은상태에서자랄수있는생물
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Rickettsia 속• Very small, gram‐negative, non‐flagellated, diverse morphology
• Obligate intracellular parasite (절대세포내기생체)
• Parasitic (기생) or mutualistic (상리공생)– Grows in vertebrate erythrocytes (적혈구), macrophages (대식세포), vascular endothelial cells (내피세포)
– Lives in blood‐sucking arthropods (절지동물, 벼룩진드기)– vectors or primary hosts
• Genome sequence similar to mitochondria•10
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Rickettsia 속
• 식세포 작용(phagocytosis)을 유도• 숙주세포로 침투• 파고솜 (phagosome)에서 빠져나와 세포질
로 이동• 이분법으로 분열
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Rickettsia (리케치아) 속
• R. prowazekii and R. typhi– 이와쥐를통한 typhus fever (발진열)
• R. rickettsii– Rocky mountain spotted fever (로키산홍반열)
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Agrobacterium 속
• Agrobacterium tumefaciens– 식물병원균– 종양세포로변형시킴– 근두암종 (crown gall tumor)– Ti (tumor‐inducing) plasmid
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Brucellaceae 속• B. abortus (소브루셀라균) • B. melitensis (산양브루셀라균) • B. suis (돼지브루셀라균) • B. canis (개브루셀라균)• 인수공통전염병• 부루셀라증 (brucellosis)• 파상열 (undulant fever)
– 정기적으로고저를반복하는고열
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‐프로테오박테리아강
• 산소가없는서식처
• 유기물이부패되면서나오는물질을이용
• 수소, 암모니아, 메탄, 휘발성지방산
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Neisseria 속• Non‐motile, gram‐negative cocci (구균)• Inhabitants of mucous membranes(점막) of mammals (포유류)
• N. gonorrhoeae (임질균)– Gonorrhea (임질)
• N. meningitidis– Meningitis (세균성뇌수막염)
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Bordetella 속
• Coccobacilli (간구균)• Multiply in respiratory epithelial cells (호흡상피)
• Non‐motile (비운동성), encapsulated (협막) species
• B. pertussis– Pertussis or whooping cough (백일해)
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‐프로테오박테리아강
• 가장생리적으로다양한집단
• 프로테오박테리아중가장큰집단
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Legionellales 속
• Legionella pneumophilia– 특수한 유형의 폐렴– Causative agent of Legionnaire’s disease – 재향군인회병, 레지오넬라증– Transmission through aerosols
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Legionellales 목
• Intracellular pathogen of protozoa (원생동물)• 축축한토양, 냉각탑, 에어컨, 냉각탑• Gram‐negative rods that replicates by binary fission
• 복제형 (replicative form, RF) ‐ replication• 성숙한세포내형 (mature intracellular form, MIF) ‐infectious
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Coxiella 속
• 곤충, 물고기, 조류, 설치류, 양, 염소• 에어로졸을통한급성수인성감염• Coxiella burnetti
– 독감과유사한 Q열(Q fever)을일으킴
• 작은세포변이형 (small cell variant, SCV)– Infectious
• 거대세포변이형 (large cell variant, LCV)– Replication
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Pseudomonadales 목
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa (녹농균)• 생물막 (biofilm)
• 낭포성섬유증(cystic fibrosis)와같은질병에걸려면역력이약화된사람에게감염
• 화상부위또는요도관을감염•22
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Vibrionales 목
• A comma‐shaped
• Vibrio cholerae–콜레라
• Vibrio parahaemolyticus–오염된해산물에의한위장병
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Vibrionales 목
• Acquired by ingesting food or water contaminated by fecal matter (배설물) from patients or carriers
• Shellfish (패류)
• Adhere to intestinal mucosa (점막) of small intestine (소장) and secrete the cholera toxin
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Enterobacteriales목
• 장내세균 (enterobacteria)
• Escherichia coli (대장균)
• Probably best studied bacterium
• Inhabitant of intestinal tracts of many animals
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Enterobacteriales목
• Used as indicator organisms for testing water for fecal contamination (배설물오염)
• Some strains are pathogenic– Gastroenteritis(위장염)– Urinary tract infections(요도염)
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Enterobacteriales목• Salmonella enterica
– Salmonellosis–장티푸스 (typhoid fever)와위장염
• Shigella sonnei, and Shigella flexneri– Bacillary dysentery (세균성설사)
• Klebsiella pneumoniae–폐렴
• Yersinia pestis–흑사병 (plague)
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Pasteurellales 목
• P. multocida– 가금류콜레라
• P. haemolytica– 소와닭폐렴
• Haemophilus influenzae type B– 뇌수막염, 부비동염 (sinusitis, 축농증), 폐렴, 기관지염
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‐프로테오박테리아강
• 그람음성간균
• 곧은모양이거나굽은모양, 나선모양
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Campylobacter속
• Campylobacter foetus• 소와양에서생식질환과유산• 사람에게패혈증 (septicemia)
–혈액에병원균과독소가존재
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Campylobacter속• Campylobacter jejuni• Found in intestinal tract of animals (e.g., chickens, turkey, and cattle)
• Transmitted to humans by contaminated food or water, contact with infected animals
• Invades epithelium of small intestine (소장상피세포) and secretes an exotoxin (외독소)
• Campylobacteriosis• Gastroenteritis (위장염), ulceration (궤양), and bloody stools (혈변), 설사
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Helicobacter 속
• Helicobacter pylori• Gastritis (위염) and peptic ulcer (소화기궤양)• Motility important for colonization • Does not grow below pH 4.5• Produces urease (요소분해효소)
– Converts urea to ammonia(NH3) and CO2 by hydrolysis– Provides a local alkaline environment
• Releases toxins that damage epithelial mucosal cells (표피점막)
• Class I carcinogen•32