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Chapter 18 Section 1
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGINS
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BACKGROUND TO THE REVOLUTION• Monumental events of 1789
• United States sets out as a new independent country
• French Revolution begins
• French Revolution is more complex, more violent, and more radical than the American Revolution
• Tried to create a new political order and a new social order
• Often seen as a major turning point in European political and social history
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ESTATES• Before the Revolution, population was divided
into estates, creating inequality
• Long-range cause of French Revolution
• First Estate
• The clergy
• Second Estate
• The nobility • Held many leading positions in government,
military, courts, high church offices
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ESTATES• Third Estate
• Commoners
• Vast array of occupation, wealth, education level
• Most were peasants
• Relics of feudalism owed to local landlords• Payment for use of flour mill, community oven, etc.
• Skilled craftspeople, shopkeepers, wage earners
• Bourgeoisie – middle class of merchants, bankers, & professionals
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ESTATES• Middle class upset with privileges of nobility
• Both aristocrats and bourgeoisie drawn to ideas of Enlightenment
• Upset with monarchical system based on privileges and the old, rigid social structure• Ultimately leads to uprising
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FINANCIAL CRISIS• Immediate cause of French Revolution was the
near collapse of government finances
• Poor harvests & manufacturing slow down led to food shortages, rising food prices, and unemployment in 1787-1788
• However, government continued to spend large sums of money on wars and court luxuries
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ESTATES-GENERAL TO NATIONAL ASSEMBLY• Estates-General, composed of representatives
from all estates, met at Versailles on May 5, 1789
• First problem was voting
• Each estate had one vote, so First and Second could easily outvote the Third
• Third Estate established compromise, king denied
• Third Estate forms National Assembly and decided to write a constitution
• Find themselves locked out of meeting
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VERSAILLES
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ESTATES-GENERAL TO NATIONAL ASSEMBLY• Tennis Court Oath
• Deputies of National Assembly meet on a tennis court and promise to continue to meet until create French constitution
• King Louis XVI prepares to use force v. Third Estate
• July 14 – mob of Parisians storm the Bastille, an armory and prison, and dismantle it
• Growing hatred of landholding system led to popular uprisings throughout France
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STORMING OF THE BASTILLE• Bastille Day – July 14th
• Symbol of uprising of the modern nation and reconciliation of all French
• Parades
• President used to give an interview and pardon criminals
• Sarkozy hasn’t
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DESTRUCTION OF THE OLD REGIME• National Assembly votes to abolish rights of
landlords and financial privileges of nobles and clergy
• Declaration of the Rights of Man
• Inspired by Declaration of Independence
• Proclaimed freedom and equal rights for all men, access to public office based on talent, and end to tax exemptions
• Also called for freedom of speech and press
• Debate over if women were to be included
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DESTRUCTION OF THE OLD REGIME• King Louis XVI remains at Versailles
• Until thousands of armed women march to Versailles
• Met with King and described their starving children and forced him to accept their demands
• Crowd insisted the royal family travel to Paris to show support for National Assembly
• Bring wagonloads of flour as gesture of goodwill
• King and family are essentially prisoners in Paris
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CHURCH REFORMS• National Assembly seized and sold lands of the
Church
• Church was also secularized
• Bishops and priests were to be elected by the people and paid by the state
• French government controls Church
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NEW CONSTITUTION• Constitution of 1791
• Sets up a limited monarchy
• King remains, but Legislative Assembly to make laws
• Only men over 25 who pay a fee can vote
• King Louis XVI tries to flee France
• Captured and returned to Paris
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RISE OF THE PARIS COMMUNE• Radical political groups in Paris declared
themselves a commune and organized a mob attack on royal palace and Legislative Assembly
• Took the king captive
• Legislative Assembly forced to call National Convention
• Chosen based on universal male suffrage
• Power passed to Paris Commune
• Called themselves sans-culottes – ordinary patriots without fine clothes
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Chapter 18 Section 2
RADICAL REVOLUTION & REACTION
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MOVE TO RADICALISM• Georges Danton led the sans-culottes in seeking
revenge on those who aided the king
• Thousands arrested and massacred
• National Convention meets in September 1792
• Abolished monarchy and established French Republic
• Split into factions – Girondins and Mountains
• Girondins – people outside city who feared radical mobs
• Mountains – radicals residing in city
• King Louis XVI beheaded on January 21, 1793
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THE GUILLOTINE• Executed through
beheading
• Believed to kill quickly and painlessly
• Form of entertainment that drew large crowds
• Sold programs
• Children came too
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CRISES AND RESPONSE• Execution of Louis XVI outraged most of Europe
• Informal coalition of Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, Dutch Republic take up arms against France
• By late spring of 1793, France poised for invasion
• Revolution would cease, old regime reestablished
• National Convention gives power to Committee of Public Safety, a special committee of 12 people
• Dominated by Maxmilien Robespierre
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REIGN OF TERROR• Committee of Public Safety rules from 1793-
1794
• Acted to defend France from foreign and domestic threats
• Instituted the Reign of Terror
• Revolutionary courts set up to prosecute internal enemies of the republic
• Approximately 40,000 killed
• Used guillotine, grapeshot, and drowning
• People from all classes were killed
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REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE• Committee of Public Safety creates Republic of
Virtue
• Democratic republic composed of good citizens
• Law requiring primary education for all was passed, but not widely implemented
• Slavery was abolished in French colonies
• Established price limits on necessities
• These measures failed to work because the government couldn’t enforce them.
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REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE• In an attempt to build a society based on reason,
National Convention pursued a policy of dechristianization
• “Saint” removed from street names, churches pillaged and closed by revolutionaries, priests told to marry
• Notre Dame was designated a “temple of reason”
• Created a new calendar that eliminated Sundays and renamed months after seasons
• Dechristianization fails because most of France is still Catholic
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A NATION IN ARMS• To protect France from foreign enemies, decreed
universal mobilization of the nation
• Men were called to fight
• Women were called to make clothes and tents
• Children were called to make lint of old cloth
• Republic’s army was largest in European history
• By summer of 1794, French had defeated most of their foes
• Robespierre continued fighting until condemned to death – ending the Reign of Terror
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THE DIRECTORY• Churches reopened for public worship and a new
constitution was created
• Created a legislative body of elected members who voted on the laws
• The Directory, a group of five men who acted as the executive committee, ruled with the legislature
• Period of corruption and resistance
• The Directory was unable to solve economic problems
• Coup d'état led by Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows