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Chapter 17
Population and Urbanization
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Chapter Outline Using the Sociological Imagination The Dynamics of Demography Population Growth Theories of City Growth The Quality of Urban Life
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Demography Encompasses all measures of
population: size, distribution, composition, age
structure, and change. Draws from biology, geography,
mathematics, economics, sociology, and political science.
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Demographic research Formal demography
Example: The dramatic increase in the Latino population of California and Texas.
Social demography Example: Trends in the population
shifts of aging baby boomers.
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Study of Population Trends Provides information about:
Population growth. Characteristics of population. Location of population. Probable long- and short-run
effects of demographic trends.
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World Population Growth
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Population Projections by World Regions
Population (projected) in millions
Region 2002 2025 2050 Doubling Time (yrs)
North America
316 382 450 139
Asia 3,720 4,714 5,262 50
Oceania 31 40 46 63
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Population Projections by World Regions
Population (projected) in millions
Region 2002 2025 2050 Doubling Time (yrs)
Latin America
525 697 815 41
Africa 818 1,268 1,800 29
Europe 727 717 662Not
projected to occur
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Malthusian Perspective1. Population, if left unchecked, will tend to
exceed the food supply. 2. Checks on population can be positive
(famines, wars) or preventive (birth control).
3. For the poor, any improvement in income is lost to additional births.
4. The wealthy and better educated already exercise preventive checks.
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Projected Population of the U.S.: 2 or 3 Child Average per Family
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Demographic Transition Theory: Four Stages Stage 1.
Birth rate and the death rate are high.
Population growth is modest.
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Demographic Transition Theory: Four Stages Stage 2.
Birth rate remains high. Death rate begins to drop sharply
because of sanitation, increased food production, medical advances.
Rate of population growth is very high. Most sub-Saharan African countries are
presently at this stage.
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Demographic Transition Theory: Four Stages Stage 3.
The birth rate declines sharply. Because the death rate continues
to drop, population growth is still rapid.
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Demographic Transition Theory: Four Stages Stage 4.
Birth rate and the death rate are low.
Population grows slowly if at all. North America, Europe, and Japan
are at this stage today.
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Stages of the Demographic Transition
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Possible World Population Growth Scenarios Low scenario
Fertility will have fallen to 1.6 children per woman or less.
World population will peak at 7.7 billion in 2050 and drop to 3.6 billion by the middle of the twenty-first century.
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World Population Growth ScenariosMedium scenario Depicts zero population growth—deaths
are balanced by births so population does not grow.
Women average two children. World population will rise to 9.4 billion by
2050 and continue to 11 billion in 2150 before leveling off.
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Possible World Population Growth Scenarios High Scenario
Women worldwide will average about 2.5 children.
World population will rise to 11.2 billion in 2050 and continue to grow indefinitely, exceeding 27 billion 100 years later.
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Long-Range Projections of World Population
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Population Growth in the U.S. andOther More Developed Countries
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Population Growth in the United States Population of the U.S. has grown from less
than 4 million in the first census in 1790, to 288 million in 2002.
Population is expected to continue growing despite the average American family at replacement level of 2.1 children per family.
If the current predictions are accurate, the U.S. population will reach 420 million by 2050.
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Urbanization
Only 5% of the American population lived in urban areas in 1790.
As recently as 1800, less than 3% of the world’s population lived in cities of 20,000 or more.
45% of the world’s population now lives in urban areas.
In North America, 80% of the population lives in cities.
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World’s Ten Largest Urban Areas: 1000
Place (Million) Place (Million)
Cordova 0.45 Cairo 0.14
Kaifeng 0.40 Baghdad 0.13
Constantinople 0.30 Nishapur 0.13
Angkor 0.20 Hasa 0.11
Kyoto 0.18 Anhilvada 0.10
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World’s Ten Largest Urban Areas: 1800
Place (Million) Place (Million)
Peking 1.10 Paris 0.55
London 0.86 Naples 0.43
Canton 0.80 Hangchow 0.39
Edo 0.69 Osaka 0.38
Constantinople 0.57 Kyoto 0.38
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World’s Ten Largest Urban Areas: 1900
Place (Million) Place (Million)
London 6.5 Vienna 1.7
New York 4.2 Tokyo 1.5
Paris 3.3 St. Petersburg 1.4
Berlin 2.7 Manchester 1.4
Chicago 1.7 Philadelphia 1.4
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World’s Ten Largest Urban Areas: 2001
Place (Million) Place (Million)
Tokyo 26.5 Los Angeles 13.3
São Paulo 18.3 Calcutta 13.3
Mexico City 18.3 Dhaka 13.2
New York 16.8 Delhi 13.0
Mumbai 16.5 Shanghai 12.8
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Theories of City Growth
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Theoretical Perspectives: Urban Society
Functionalism
Concept Urbanization
Sample Research Topic
Relationship between population density and suicide rate.
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Theoretical Perspectives: Urban Society
Conflict theory
Concept Over-urbanization
Sample Research Topic
Relationship between distribution of scarce resources and social class.
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Theoretical Perspectives: Urban Society
Symbolic Interactionism
Concept Urbanism
Sample Research Topic
Effect of the degree of urbanization and the extent to which social interaction is based on shared meanings.