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BIOLOGYCONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor
From PowerPointLectures forBiology: Concepts & Connections
CHAPTER 17Plants, Fungi, and theColonization of Land
odules !".! # !".3
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utu!""# $enefici!" !ssoci!tions of %"!nt roots
!nd funi !re common
' These !ssoci!tions !re c!""ed m#corrhi(!e
' The# m!# h!)e en!$"ed %"!nts to co"oni(e "!nd
Plants and FungiA Beneficial Partnership
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Citrus rowers f!ce ! di"emm!
' The# use chemic!"s to contro" dise!se*c!usinfuni
' But these !"so +i"" $enefici!" m#corrhi(!e
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P"!nts !re mu"tice""u"!r %hotos#ntheticeu+!r#otes
' The# sh!re m!n# ch!r!cteristics with reen !"!e
' ,owe)er- %"!nts e)o")ed uni.ue fe!tures !s the#co"oni(ed "!nd
17.1 What is a plant?
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$igure !".!%
PLANTLEAF
performs
photosynthesis
CUTICLE
reduces water
loss; ST!ATAallow "as e#chan"e
STE!
supports plant
$and may perform
photosynthesis%
Surroundin" watersupports the al"a
AL&A
'(LE AL&A
performs
photosynthesis;
a)sor)s water*
C+* and
minerals from
the water
(L,FAST
anchors the al"a
-TSanchor plant;
a)sor) water and
minerals from
the soil $aided
)y mycorrhi.al
fun"i%
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/n"i+e !"!e- %"!nts h!)e )!scu"!r tissue
' It tr!ns%orts w!ter !nd nutrients throuhout the
%"!nt $od#
' It %ro)ides intern!" su%%ort
$igure !".!B
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o"ecu"!r studies indic!te th!t reen !"!ec!""ed ch!ro%h#ce!ns !re the c"osest re"!ti)es of%"!nts
17. Plants e!ol!ed f"o# g"een algae $alled$ha"oph%$eans
PLA&T E'(L)T*(& A&+ +*'ER*T-
$igure !".2%, B
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Cooksoniaw!s one of the e!r"iest )!scu"!r "!nd%"!nts
$igure !".2C
Sporan"ia
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Two m!in "ine!es !rose e!r"# from !ncestr!"%"!nts
17. Plant di!e"sit% p"o!ides $lues to thee!olutiona"% histo"% of the plant /ingdo#
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$igure !".3%
PALE/IC
-adiation of
flowerin" plants
!ES/IC
CEN/IC
Charophycea
ns$a"roupof"reena
l"ae%
0ryophytes$e1"1*mosses%
Seedless2ascularp
lants
$e1"1*ferns*horse
tails%
&ymnosperms
$e1"1*conifers%
An"io
sp
erm
s
First seed plants
Early 2ascular plants
ri"in of plants
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One "ine!e !)e rise to $r#o%h#tes
' These !re %"!nts th!t "!c+ )!scu"!r tissue
' Br#o%h#tes inc"ude mosses- which row in ! "ow-s%on# m!t
$igure !".3B
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0!scu"!r %"!nts !re the other !ncient "ine!e
Ferns !nd seed %"!nts were deri)ed from e!r"#)!scu"!r %"!nts !nd cont!in
' 1#"em !nd %h"oem
'we""*de)e"o%ed roots
' riid stems
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Ferns !re seed"ess %"!nts whose f"!e""!teds%erm re.uire moisture to re!ch the e
$igure !".3C
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2 m!3or ste% in %"!nt e)o"ution w!s the!%%e!r!nce of seed %"!nts
' G#mnos%erms
'2nios%erms
These )!scu"!r %"!nts h!)e %o""en r!ins fortr!ns%ortin s%erm
The# !"so %rotect their em$r#os in seeds
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G#mnos%erms- such !s %ines- !re c!""ed n!+edseed %"!nts
' This is $ec!use their seeds do not de)e"o% inside! %rotecti)e ch!m$er
The seeds of !nios%erms- f"owerin %"!nts-de)e"o% in o)!ries within fruits
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The h!%"oid !meto%h#te %roduces es !nd
s%erm $# mitosis' The es !nd s%erm unite- !nd the (#ote
de)e"o%s into the di%"oid s%oro%h#te
' eiosis in the s%oro%h#te %roduces h!%"oids%ores- which row into !meto%h#tes
17.0 Haploid and diploid gene"ations alte"nate inplant life $%$les
ALTER&AT*(& (F E&ERAT*(& A&+PLA&T L*FE C-CLE
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$igure !".&
(APLI,!eiosis
Sporesn
!itosis
&ametophytes$male and female%
n
!
itosis
&ametes
$sperm and e""s%
n
Fertili.ation
/y"ote
+n
!ito
sis
,IPLI,
Sporophyte+n
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ost of ! m!t of moss consists of !meto%h#tes
' These %roduce es !nd swimmin s%erm
' The (#ote st!#s on the !meto%h#te !nd
de)e"o%s into the "ess cons%icuous s%oro%h#te
17.2 3osses ha!e a do#inant ga#etoph%te
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$igure !".'
Sperm $n% $released from
their "ametan"ium%
3
+
4
5
&ametan"ium
containin" the e"" $n%
$remains within
"ametophyte%
E""
Fertili.ation
/y"ote
$+n%
!itosis and
de2elopment
Sporophytes $"rowin" from "ametophytes%
(APLI,
,IPLI,
&ametophyte
$n%
Sporan"iumStal6
!eiosis
Spores$n%
7 !itosis andde2elopment
&ametophytes
$n%
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Ferns- "i+e mosses- h!)e swimmin s%erm
The fern (#ote rem!ins on the sm!""-incons%icuous !meto%h#te
' ,ere it de)e"o%s into the s%oro%h#te
17.4 Fe"ns, li/e #ost plants, ha!e a do#inantspo"oph%te
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Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings$igure !".(
3
+
4
5
&ametophyte $n%$underside%
Sperm $n%
E"" $n%
Fertili.ation
/y"ote
$+n%
!itosis and
de2elopment
New sporophyte "rowin"
out of "ametophyteSporophyte $+n%
!eiosis
Sporan"ia
7
Spores
$n%
!itosis andde2elopment
(APLI,
,IPLI,
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Ferns !nd other seed"ess %"!nts once domin!ted!ncient forests
' Their rem!ins formed co!"
17.7 eedless plants fo"#ed !ast 5$oal fo"ests6
$igure !"."
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G#mnos%erms th!t %roduce cones- the conifers-"!re"# re%"!ced the !ncient forests of seed"ess
%"!nts
' These %"!nts rem!in the domin!nt#mnos%erms tod!#
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S%or!ni! in m!"e cones m!+e s%ores th!tde)e"o% into m!"e !meto%h#tes
' These !re the %o""en r!ins
S%or!ni! in fem!"e cones %roduce fem!"e!meto%h#tes
17. A pine t"ee is a spo"oph%te 8ith tin%ga#etoph%tes in its $ones
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Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings$igure !".)
E"" $n%
3
(APLI,
,IPLI,
Sperm $n%
!ale "ametophyte$pollen "rain%
Female "ametophyte $n%
/y"ote$+n%
Seedcoat
Em)ryo$+n%
Seed
Sporophyte
Scale
Sporan"ium$+n%
2ule
Inte"ument
!EISIS
(APLI,Pollen "rains$male"ametophytes%$n%
!EISIS Fertili.ation
Female cone)ears o2ules1
+ !ale cone producesspores )y meiosis;spores de2elop intopollen "rains
4 Pollination
5 (aploid spore cells ino2ule de2elop intofemale "ametophyte*which ma6es e""1 7 !ale "ametophyte $pollen%
"rows tu)e to e"" and
ma6es and releases sperm1
8 /y"ote de2elopsinto em)ryo* ando2ule )ecomesseed1
9 Seed falls to"round and "erminates*and em)ryo "rows into tree1
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ost %"!nts !re !nios%erms' The h!""m!r+s of these %"!nts !re f"owers
17.9 The flo8e" is the $ente"pie$e of angiospe"#"ep"odu$tion
STA!EN
Anther
Pollen "rains
Sti"ma
2ary
CA-PEL
PETAL
SEPAL2ule
$igure !".*%, B
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The !nios%erm "ife c#c"e is simi"!r to th!t ofconifers
' But it is much more r!%id
' In !ddition- !nios%erm seeds !re %rotected !nddis%ersed in fruits- which de)e"o% from o)!ries
17.1: The angiospe"# plant is a spo"oph%te 8ithga#etoph%tes in its flo8e"s
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$igure !".!0
(APLI,
,IPLI,
E"" $n)
2ule
Sti"ma
Pollen"rain
Pollentu)e
Sperm
Fertili.ation
Seedcoat
Em)ryo$+n%
Seeds
Sporophyte
2ary
2ule
Pollen $n%
!eiosis
3 (aploid sporesin anthers de2elop
into pollen "rains:male "ametophytes1
+ (aploid spore in eacho2ule de2elops intofemale "ametophyte*which produces e""1
4 Pollinationand"rowthof pollentu)e
5 /y"ote$+n%
7 Seed
8 Fruit
9 Seed"erminates*
and em)ryo"rows into plant1
Food supply
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Fruits !re !d!%t!tions th!t dis%erse seeds
17.11 The st"u$tu"e of a f"uit "efle$ts its fun$tion inseed dispe"sal
$igure !".!!%+C
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G#mnos%erms su%%"# most of our "um$er !nd%!%er
2nios%erms %ro)ide most of our food
' Fruits- )eet!$"es- !nd r!ins
2nios%erms !"so %ro)ide other im%ort!nt
%roducts' edic!tions- fi$er- %erfumes
17.1 Conne$tion; Ag"i$ultu"e is
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2nios%erms !re ! m!3or source of food for!nim!"s
'2nim!"s !"so !id %"!nts in %o""in!tion !nd seeddis%ers!"
17.1 *nte"a$tions 8ith ani#als ha!e p"ofoundl%influen$ed angiospe"# e!olution
$igure !".!3%+C
17 10 C i Pl di i i
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456 of the tro%ic!" forests wor"dwide weredestro#ed in the "!st third of the 45thcentur#
The forests of North 2meric! h!)e shrun+ $#
!"most 756 in the "!st 455 #e!rs
17.10 Conne$tion; Plant di!e"sit% is anon"ene8a
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Some %"!nts in these forests c!n $e used inmedicin!" w!#s
' ore th!n486 of%rescri%tion
drus !ree1tr!ctedfrom %"!nts
able !".!&
F)&*
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P"!nts %ro$!$"# mo)ed onto "!nd !"on withm#corrhi(!" funi
' These funi he"% %"!nts !$sor$ w!ter !nd
nutrients
' The# !re mutu!"istic or!nisms
17.12 Fungi and plants #o!ed onto land togethe"
F)&*
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Other funi !re
$igure !".!'%+C
' %!r!sites
' %red!tors
' decom%osers ofde!d or!nisms
17 14 F i < < f d ft di ti it t id
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Funi !re heterotro%hic eu+!r#otes' The# diest their food e1tern!""# !nd !$sor$ the
nutrients
17.14 Fungi a
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2 funus usu!""# consists of ! m!ss ofthre!d"i+e h#%h!e
' This forms ! networ+ c!""ed ! m#ce"ium
$igure !".!(%+B
(ypha
!ycelium
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ost funi c!nnot mo)e
$igure !".!(C, -
' But the# row !round !nd throuh their food)er# r!%id"#
17 17 3 f i h th di ti t h i
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Fun!" s%ores ermin!te to form h!%"oidh#%h!e
17.17 3an% fungi ha!e th"ee distin$t phases inthei" life $%$le
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In some funi such !s mushrooms- the fusionof h#%h!e resu"ts in ! uni.ue di+!r#otic %h!se
of their "ife c#c"e' E!ch ce"" cont!ins two h!%"oid nuc"ei from
different %!rents
The di+!r#otic m#ce"ium forms ! fruitin $od#-the mushroom
' This structure cont!ins s%eci!"i(ed ce""s in
which the nuc"ei fuse
' These di%"oid ce""s then undero meiosis-%roducin ! new ener!tion of s%ores
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$igure !".!"
,IPLI,
(APLI,
,IA-
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Al"alcell
Fun"alhyphae
Lichens !re !ssoci!tions of !"!e orc#!no$!cteri! with ! networ+ of fun!" h#%h!e
' The funus recei)es food in e1ch!ne forhousin- w!ter- !nd miner!"s
17.1 Li$hens $onsist of fungi li!ing #utualisti$all%8ith photos%ntheti$ o"ganis#s
$igure !".!)%, B
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Lichens sur)i)e in hosti"e en)ironments
' The# co)er roc+s !nd fro(en tundr! soi"
$igure !".!)C
17 19 Conne$tion; Pa"asiti$ fungi ha"# plants and
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P!r!sitic funi c!use dise!se' 9utch e"m dise!se
' Corn smut
'2th"ete:s foot
17.19 Conne$tion; Pa"asiti$ fungi ha"# plants andani#als
$igure !".!*%+C
17 : Conne$tion; Fungi ha!e an eno"#ous
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Numerous funi !re $enefici!"
!n# !re im%ort!nt in the decom%osition ofor!nic m!teri!" !nd nutrient rec#c"in
17.: Conne$tion; Fungi ha!e an eno"#ouse$ologi$al and p"a$ti$al i#pa$t
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Funi !re !"so im%ort!nt !s food
' ushrooms !re the fruitin $odies of
su$terr!ne!n funi
'Ye!sts ;unice""u"!r funi< !re essenti!" for $!+in!nd $eer !nd wine %roduction
' Funi !re used to ri%encert!in cheeses
$igure !".20%
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Some funi %roduce !nti$iotics
' Penici""in w!s the first !nti$iotic to $e disco)ered
$igure !".20B
Staphylococcusaureus
Penicillium
/one ofinhi)ited"rowth