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Chapter 16: Social Behavior
AP Psychology4.7.11
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If you could do anything humanly possible with complete assurance that you would not be detected or held responsible, what would you do?”
Answer with complete anonymity. Change your handwriting (write with your non-dominant hand?), and do not write your name on this.
I am collecting this!!!
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Homework – 633 – 642, take notes. You may not use a computer tomorrow.
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Social Psychology
How are thoughts, feelings and behaviors influenced by others? Person perception Attribution processes Interpersonal attraction Attitudes Conformity and obedience Behavior in groups
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Person Perception:Forming Impressions of Others
Effects of physical appearance - People tend to attribute desirable characteristics to those who are good looking. Also, facial features that are similar to infant features influence perceptions of honesty (baby-faced people being viewed as more honest).
Cognitive schemas - ideas about categories of social events and people
Stereotypes - Social schemas that lead people to expect that others will have certain characteristics because of their membership in a specific group
Prejudice (attitude) and discrimination (actions) Subjectivity in person perception – people see
what they expect to see and overestimate how often they see it (illusory correlation).
Evolutionary perspectives – are biases adaptive?
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Figure 16.1 Examples of social schemas
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Quiz1. List three different factors that influence
a person’s perception of others.2. How does illusory correlation represent
subjectivity in person perception?3. What is the spotlight effect?4. Define attribution.5. Give an example of the fundamental
attribution error.6. Explain defensive attribution.7. How do individualism and collectivism
represent western versus nonwestern attributional tendencies?
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Homework 642 – 656, Relationships Take notes I put a link on the bpi website that
brings you to AP Central’s website. There are 20 multiple choice example ?s with answers. Do them and check yourself.
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Issues in social psych; what do you want to know about human behavior?
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Attribution Processes: Explaining Behavior
Attributions Internal (behavior determined by personal
dispositions) vs. External (behavior caused by situation or environment)
Kelley’s covariation model – people blame INTERNAL attribution for other people’s behavior, and EXTERNAL attribution for their own.
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Biases in attributions Fundamental attribution error Defensive attribution – blame the victim;
blame people’s misfortune on their inability to cope.
Self-serving bias – blame own misfortune on situation.
Cultural influences Attribution errors are more common in
Western cultures.
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Figure 16.4 An alternative view of the fundamental attribution error
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Close Relationships: Liking and Loving
Key factors in attraction Physical attractiveness – attraction, etc.
Important in the beginning. Matching hypothesis – people of equal
attractiveness end up together. Similarity – in attitude, age, race, religion, social
class, personality, education, intelligence, attractiveness
Reciprocity – liking those that like you Romantic Ideals – you idealize your partner
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AP Psychology4.11.11
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Quiz…1. List and explain the four key factors in
attraction.2. Explain the Love as Attachment perspective on
love.3. How is physical attraction consistent with the
evolutionary perspective?4. What is “mate poaching” and why, according
to the evolutionary perspective, does it happen?
5. List three source factors that influence the effectiveness of a persuasive source.
6. How might cognitive dissonance lead to a person’s attitude change?
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Homework… 656 – 666 and take notes Quiz tomorrow Test Friday
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Close Relationships: Liking and Loving
Perspectives on love Hatfield & Berscheid – Passionate vs.
Companionate love Sternberg - Intimacy and commitment Hazen & Shaver – Love as attachment
Evolutionary perspectives Mating priorities
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Figure 16.7 Infant attachment and romantic relationships
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Attitudes and Attitude Change 3 components
cognitive, affective, and behavioral Factors in changing attitudes
source, message, and receiver Theories of attitude change
Learning theory Dissonance theory Self-perception theory Elaboration likelihood model
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Figure 16.9 The possible components of attitudes
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Figure 16.10 Overview of the persuasion process
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Figure 16.12 Design of the Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) study
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Figure 16.13 Bem’s self-perception theory
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Yielding to Others: Conformity
Conformity – Solomon Asch (1950s) Classic experiment
Group size Group unanimity
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Behavior in Groups:The Influence of Other People
The bystander effect - Darley and Latane (1968) Diffusion of responsibility
Group productivity (declines as the group gets bigger) and social loafing (the bigger the group, the more likely you are to slack)
Decision making in groups Polarization – the more you discuss the
dominant view, the stronger the group’s position becomes.
Groupthink – members sacrifice critical thinking to just reach a decision.
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Bystander Non-intervention
Kitty Genovese 1964;38 witnesses and none helped or called the police
Why?~diffusion of responsibility~audience inhibition~pluralistic ignorance
(Darley & Latane, 1968)
number of others
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help
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Yielding to Others: Obedience Obedience – Stanley Milgram (1960s)
Controversial landmark experiment “I was just following orders”
presence of a dissenter
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Milgram’s Obedience Studies
Vary the situation: % who shock to max.
Force learner’s hand onto shock machine
30%
Other “teachers” who refuse 10%
Subject chooses level of shock 3%
Original study: 63% shocked innocent “learner” to maximum level!
“The ordinary person who shocked the victim did so out of a sense of obligation -- an impression of his duties as a subject -- and not from any peculiarly aggressive tendencies.” (Milgram, 1974)
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Figure 16.18 The effect of loss of coordination and social loafing on group productivity
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Figure 16.21 The three potential components of prejudice as an attitude
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Figure 16.22 Relationship between prejudice and discrimination
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Figure 16.23 Bias in the attributions used to explain success and failure by men and women