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Chapter 14(a)
Acids and BasesAcids and Bases
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–2
Common household substances that contain acids and bases. Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic
acid. Drain cleaners contain strong bases such as sodium hydroxide.
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Figure 14.1: The reaction of HCl and H2O.
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Figure 14.2: The reaction of an acid HA with water to form H3O+ and a conjugate base A-.
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–5
Figure 14.3: The reaction of NH3 with HCl to form NH4+ and Cl-.
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Figure 14.4: Graphic representation of the behavior of acids of different strengths in aqueous solution. (a) A strong acid. (b) A weak acid.
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Figure 14.5: The relationship of acid strength and conjugate base strength for the reaction
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–8
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Figure 14.6: (a) A strong acid HA is completely ionized in water. (b) A weak acid HB exists mostly as undissociated HB molecules in water. Note that the water molecules are not shown in this figure.
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–10
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Figure 14.7: Two water molecules react to form H3O+ and OH2.
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Figure 14.8: The pH scale and pH values of some common substances.
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Figure 14.9: pH meters are used to measure acidity.
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Chapter 14(b)
Acids and Bases Acids and Bases (cont’d)(cont’d)
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An acetic acid solution, which is a weak electrolyte, contains only a few ions and does not conduct as much current as a strong electrolyte. The bulb is only dimly lit.
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–16
Figure 14.10: The effect of dilution on the percent dissociation and [H+] of a
weak acid solution.
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–17
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–18
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–19
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–20
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–21
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–22
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Figure 14.11: The effect of the number of attached oxygens on the O—H bond in a series of chlorine oxyacids.
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–24
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14a–25
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Figure 14.12: Reaction of BF3 with NH3.
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Figure 14.13: The Al(H2O)63+ ion.
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Solving Acid-Base Problems