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Stress and
Health
Chapter 14
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Stress• Stress
–The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressorsstressorsstressorsstressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
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Stress Appraisal
3
Stressful event
(tough math test)
Threat
(“Yikes! This is
beyond me!”)
Challenge
(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal Response
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Stress• Hans Selye (1907 – 1982)
–Psychologist who researched stress– Developed the concept of the GENERAL ADAPTATION GENERAL ADAPTATION GENERAL ADAPTATION GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROMESYNDROMESYNDROMESYNDROME
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Stress• General Adaptation Syndrome
–Alarm Reaction – nervous system activated in response to stressor
–Resistance – body responds with physiological reactions to cope with the stressor
–Exhaustion – body’s resistance to stress in depleted (physical deterioration)
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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Stress• Burnout
–Physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion brought on by persistent stress
• Can result in:–Depression–Decreased performance–Cynicism
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Stressful Life Events• Catastrophic Events
– Earthquake, flood, combat stress• Life Changes
–Death of a loved one, marriage, divorce, loss of a job, promotion, leaving home for college
• Daily Hassles–Rush hour traffic, long lines, job/school, living situations, economic difficulties
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Stressful Life Events• Chronic Stress by Age
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Perceived Control• The sense of control or influence one has over stressful events in one’s life
• Most studies suggest the lower the perceived control the larger the potential for health-related problems–LPC = lower immunity to disease
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Perceived Control• Health Consequences of a Loss of Control
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No connection
to shock source
To shock control To shock source
“Executive” rat “Subordinate” rat Control rat
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Explanatory Style• Optimism
– Generally positive outlook on life/future– Optimists have stronger immune systems and recover faster from health problems
– Bad events are temporary, not their fault, and will not have broader effects beyond present circumstances
• Pessimism– Tendency to expect the worst– See the negative as permanent in nature
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Stress• Stress Hormones
–Hormones released in response to stress–The body must work to rid the body of the S. H.
–Pessimism and perceived lack of control both produce more S. H.
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Stress and Illness• Stress-Cancer Connection
– No conclusive evidence of a connection
–Two conclusions:• Stress does not create cancer cells• Stress affects the body’s malignancy-fighting ability
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Stress and Illness• Coronary Heart Disease
–Clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
• Friedman and Rosenman–Measured blood cholesterol level and clotting speed.
–40 tax accountants• January – March = normal• April 15 = dangerously high• May and June = returned to normal
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Stress and Illness
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Stress and Illness• Type A
–Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone
–More prone to heart attacks and other stress related illnesses
• Type B–Easygoing, laid-back, and relaxed
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Stress and Illness• Leading causes of death in the US in 1900 and 2000
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Stress and Illness• Negative Emotions and Health-Related Consequences
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Unhealthy behaviors
(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressors
and negative
emotions
Release of stress
hormones
Heart
disease
Immune
suppression
Autonomic nervoussystem effects
(headaches,hypertension)
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Stress and Health• Health Psychology
–A subfield of psychology that focuses on how stress affects our well being and our health
• Behavioral Medicine– Interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
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Promoting Health• Play “The Nature of Stress” (5:39) Module #2 from The World of Abnormal Psychology.
• http://www.learner.org/resources/series60.html
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Promoting Health• Aerobic Exercise
– Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness
• Benefits of Daily Exercise– Reduces anxiety and depression
– Greater self-confidence and self-discipline
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Promoting Health• Modifying Type A lifestyle can reduce recurrence of heart attack
25
Percentageof patients
with recurrentheart attacks
(cumulativeaverage)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Year
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Life-style modification patients
Control patients
Modifying life-stylereduced recurrent
heart attacks
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Life events
Tendency toward
Health Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge Threat
Personality type
Easy goingNondepressed
Optimistic
Hostile
Depressed
Pessimistic
Personality habits
NonsmokingRegular exerciseGood nutrition
Smoking
Sedentary
Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring Lacking
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Promoting Health• Religious Attendance
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Promoting Health• The Religion Factor is multidimensional
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Religious
involvement
Healthy
behaviors
(less smoking,
drinking)
Social support
(faith
communities,
marriage)
Positive
emotions
(less stress,
anxiety)
Better health
(less immune system
suppression, stress
hormones, and suicide)
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Promoting Health• Benefits of Social Support
–Makes people feel liked and wanted– SS leads to
• Less physical problems• More pleasure in life• Longer life span
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Promoting Health• Complementary and Alternative Medicines–Unproven health care treatment–Not taught widely in med school–Not used in hospitals–Not usually reimbursed by insurance companies
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Promoting Health• Smoking-related early deaths
31
33,348
1,686 1,135 556 202
Smoking Suicide Vehicle HIV/ Homicidecrash AIDS
Cause of death
Numberof deaths
per 100,000
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The
Physiological
Effects of
Nicotine
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Smoking Prevention• U.S. teen smoking
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Obesity and Weight Control• Body Mass Index (BMI)
–A person’s weight in kilograms divided by their squared height in meters
–U.S. guideline suggest a person’s BMI should be below 25
–The World Health Organization defines obesity as a BMI of 30 or over
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Obesity and Weight Control
Obesity and BMI
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Obesity and Weight ControlObesity and mortality
18.5 18.5- 20.5- 22.0- 23.5- 25.0- 26.5- 28.0- 30.0- 32.0- 35.0- 40
20.4 21.9 23.4 24.9 26.4 27.9 29.9 31.9 34.9 39.9
Body-mass index (BM I)
Men Women
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
Relativerisk of
death
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Weight Discrimination• When woman applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire
Willingnessto hire
scale
(from1:
definitelynot hire to
7: definitely
hire)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Women Men
Normal Overweight
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Weight Control• Effects of a severe diet
Caloric
intake
in
calories
per day
Body
weight
in
kilograms
Metabolism:
Oxygen
consumption
in liters
per hour
3000
2000
1000
08 16 24 32
Days
165
160
155
150
145
140
Days Days
26
25
24
23
22
218 16 24 32 8 16 24 32
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Weight Control• Trading Risks
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Weight Control• Thinning of Miss America
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Weight Control
• Most lost weight is regained
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
1 2 3 4 5
Weightchange
in pounds
Posttreatment
Years of follow-up
Starting
point
Normal trend for untreated obese
people: Gradually rising weight
After participation in behavioral
Program: Much of initial weight
loss regained
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Weight Control
• Obesity was more common among those who watched the most TV
<2 2-3 >4Hours of television watched per day
in 1990s study
Boys Girls
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Skinfold fatmeasure (mm)
42