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Chapter 14: Forging the National Economy (1790-
1860)
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The Westward Movement
• US marched quickly toward west
• Pioneer life is very hard w/ isolation, disease & loneliness
• Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious & ill-informed because new information was slow to reach them
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Shaping the Western Landscape
• Westward movement molded environment
• Tobacco exhausted land & moved on, but “Kentucky blue grass” thrived
• Ecological imperialism• Trapped beavers, sea
otters, and Bison to manufacture for East
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Shaping the Western
Landscape• Spirit of nationalism led to
appreciation of American wilderness
• Catlin pushed for national park & achieved it with Yellowstone in 1872
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The March of the Millions
• Mid-1800s, pop cont’d to double every 25 years
• 1860-orginial 13 states now has 33 states; pop 4th in the world (Russ, Fra, Austria)
• Urban growth cont’d explosively
• 1790-only New York & Philadelphia had >20,000 people, but 1860, 43 had
• Brought bad sanitation sewage system & pipe-in water
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• High birthrate had accounted for pop growth, but near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came
• A surplus pop. in Euro but not all came to US 25/60 million
• Appealing of US (land, freedom from church, aristocracy, 3 meat meals a day)
• Intro of transoceanic steamship (reduce traveling to 12 days, death rate high not as bad)
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The Emerald Isle Moves West(1830s-1960s-2 million)
• Irish potato famine in mid-1840s led to death of 2 million & many flee to US
• Illiterate, discriminated
• Hated by Protestants because they were Catholic and it was feared that the Powerful Church may get a foot hold in America
• Hated competition w/ blacks for job
• Ancient Order of Hibernians (serve to aid Irish)
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The Emerald Isle Moves West (1830s-
1960s-2 million)• Because of rules of
“enfranchisement” (granting voting citizenship) they slowly gain power
• Gradual property owning (grand success), children educated.
• Attracted to politics, filled police dept.
• Politicians tried to appeal to Irish by yelling at London
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The German Forty-Eighters
• 1 million poured in bet 1830s-1860s because of crop failures (economic failures) and an autocratic government (does not take public’s opinions to mind)
• Liberals such as Carl Schurz contributed to elevation of US politics
• They easily assimilate and thrive in the U.S. having brought more $ than Irish and possessing better skills. Many bought land in west esp. in Wisconsin.
• Votes crucial so wooed by US politicians but not as potent because they spread out
• Contributed to US culture (Christmas tree); isolationism
• Urged public education & freedom (enemies of slavery)
• Still subject of resentment from nationalists because they are a group & brought beers to US.
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Flare-ups of Anti-foreignism
• “Nativists” prejudiced newcomers in jobs, politics, religion
• Catholic became major religious group because of immigration of 1840s, 50s & set out to build catholic school
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Flare-ups of Antiforeignism • Nativists feared that Catholicism would
build on Protestantism (popish idols) so formed “Order of star-spangled Banner”
• Met in secrecy-“Know-Nothing” party• Fought for restriction on immigration,
naturalization & deportation of alien paupers
• Wrote fiction books about corruption of churches
• Mass violence, ex. Philadelphia 1844-burned churches, schools, people killed
• Made America pluralistic society w/ diversity
• No longer hated because they were crucial to economic expansion & more availability of jobs
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The March of Mechanization
• Industrial revolution spread to US & US destined to be an industrial giant because:
1. Land was cheap, labor available, $ for investment plentiful, raw available
BUT: We Lacked consumer for factory-scale manufacturing
• British long-established factory was our major competition
• Kept textile to own monopoly (forbade travel of crafts men & export of machine)
• US remained very rural to farming
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Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
• Samuel Slater – “Father of the Factory System”
• Learned machinery when working in British Factory escaped to US, aided by Moses Brown build 1st cotton thread spinner in US (1791)
• Eli Whitney built a cotton gin (50 times more effective than hand picking cotton)
• Cotton economy now profitable, saved the South to King Cotton
• South flourished & expanded cotton kingdom toward west
• Northern factories manufactured, esp. New England (w/ poor soil, dense labor, access to sea, river for water power)
• West produced the food to feed the people in the northeaster factories.
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Marvels in Manufacturing• Embargo of war of 1812 encouraged
home manufacture• With peace of Ghent, British poured in
surplus in cheap $, forcing close of American factories
• Congress passed Tariff of 1816 to protect US economy
• Eli Whitney introduced machine made replaceable parts (on muskets-1798) universal in manufacturing by1850
• Base of assembly line (flourished North); cotton gin flourished south
• England will be the #1 purchaser of American Grown Cotton
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Marvels in Manufacturing• Elias Howe & Issac Singer (1846)
made sewing machine (foundation of clothing industry) and the textile mills (cloth) will be the first mass industry to take off in America
• Decade of 1860 had 28,000 patents while 1800 only had 306
• Principle of limited liability (can’t lose more than invested) stimulate economy
• Laws of “free incorporation” (1848)-no need to apply for charter from legislature to start corp.
• Samuel Morse’s telegraph connected business world -“What hath god wrought?”…..the first message typed from Washington to Baltimore-by Morse.
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Workers and “Wage Slaves”
• Factory system led to impersonal relations
• Benefit went to factory owner, labors were long, wages low, meals bad, no union
• Child labor heavy
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• Adult working condition improved in 1820s & 30s w/ mass vote to workers
• 10 hour day, higher $, tolerable condition, public education, ban of imprisonment for debt
• 1840s president Van Buren made 10 hour day for Federal Workers
• Many struck but lost because employers import more workers (so hated immigrants)
• Unions formed in 1830s but hit by panic of 1837
• Case of Commonwealth vs. Hunt in Supreme court of MA (1842)
• Legalized union on peaceful & honorable protest
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Women and the Economy
• Women were toiled in factory under bad conditions
• Opportunities rare & women mainly in nursing, domestic service, teaching
• Women usually worked before marriage, after marriage they were house wives (made more decisions in family)
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Women and the Economy
• Arrange marriages died down; marriage w/ love tied family closer
• Family grew smaller (avg. 6); fertility rate dropped sharply “domestic feminism”
• Child-centered w/ less children & discipline not physically
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Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields
• Trans-Allegheny region (Ohio-Indiana-Illinois) became nation’s breadbasket
• Planted corn & raised hogs (known as “porkopolis” of the west”
• Inventions that boomed agriculture• John Deere -steel plow that cut
through hard soil & can be pulled by horses
• Cyrus McCormick -mechanical mower-reaper
• Led to large-scale production & cash crops
• Produced more than south; product flow N to S in rivers, not E & W-needed transportation rev,
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Highways and Steamboats • Improvements in transportation
needed for raw material transport• Lancaster turnpike-hard road
from Philadelphia & Lancaster; brought economic expansion to west
• Federal gov’t constructs Cumberland Road (Maryland -Illinois) (1811-1852 ) w/ state & federal $
• Robert Fulton invents steam engine (Steam boats)-1807
• Contributed to development of S & W economy
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“Clinton’s Big Ditch” in New York• Clinton’s Big Ditch-Erie Canal
between Great Lakes & Hudson River(1817-1825)
• Annoys many New England farmers because it forces them to move for construction (some give up farming all together)
• Impact is enormous on economy as it shortens expense & time of transportation & cities grew along the side, – Price of food reduced approx
70%
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Pioneer Railroad Promoters
• 1st railroad in US (1828); by 1860-30,000 mi. railroad tracks in US (3/4 at north)
• Railroad 1st opposed bec. financier afraid to loose $ from Erie canal & also caused fire to houses
• Trains were badly constructed (brakes bad) & gauge of traveling varied
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The Transport Web Binds the Union
• Steamboat allowed reverse transport of S to E to bind them together
• New York became the Queen port of the country goods distributed
• Principle of divided labor-each region specialize in own economic activity
• Transformed the home: no longer the center of industry now a restful place to tend to the Family
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Wealth and Poverty• The industrial revolution
widens the gap bet. rich & poor
• Unskilled workers were “drifters” who went from town to town for jobs – (1/2 of industrial pop) -
forgotten• Social mobility existed but
not in proportion, rags-to-riches were rare
• Standard of living did raise, wage rose too (helped diffuse potential class conflict)
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Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders• Cotton accounted for ½ of exports• After repeal of Corn Law of 1846,
wheat became imp role in trade w/ Eng.
• American imported more than exported (substantial debt to foreign creditors)
• 1858-Cyrus Field laid Cable between US & Euro (but died in 3 weeks); better one in 1866
• Golden age of naval commerce came in 1840s, 50s
• Mckay builds clipper ships (fast, long)• Tea trade w/ British flourishes &
carried many to CA• Crushed by British’s iron tramp
steamers• Speedy communication-roads from
Missouri to CA, Pony Express