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Chapter 12Membrane Structure and Function
(Problems: 1-6,8,10-15,17,19-20,22,24-26,28-30.)
Sheetlike structures, closed boundaries
Lipids, proteins, carbohydratesAmphipathic, barrier functionProtein pumps, channels, receptors, transducers, and enzymesNoncovalentAsymmetricFluidElectrical polarity
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12.1 Phospholipids and Glycolipids from Bimolecular Sheets
The hydrophobic effect; entropy of water. Van der Waals forces. Electrostatic H-bonds
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Formation of Lipid Vesicles
Potential for targeted drug delivery
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Permeability of Lipid Bilayers
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12.2 Membrane FluidityDependent on length of fatty acyl chains and their degree of unsaturation.
Bacteria
Animals
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12.3 Membrane Proteins
Pumps, channels, receptors, enzymes.
Varying protein content; e.g. 18 – 75%
Different proteins = different functions.
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Types of Membrane ProteinsTransmembrane
Integral
Integral
Peripheral
Lipid anchored
Prostaglandin H2 synthase-1
Porin
bacteriorhodopsin
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Clinical Insight: Prostaglandin H2 Synthase-1 and Aspirin
Cyclooxygenase (COX)
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12.4 Diffusion of Membrane Lipids and Proteins
Lateral diffusion shown by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP).
Fluid mosaic model
Rafts Diffusion barrier Two-dimensional solutions Membrane asymmetry
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12.5 Membrane Protein Transporters
• DiffusionSimpleFacilitated (Passive transport)
Down (“with”) a concentration gradient. Does not require energy.
• Active transport Up (“against”) a concentration gradient.Does require energy.
= Vmax[S]outKtr+[S]out
Simple
Passive
Active • Initial rate of transport increases until a maximum is reached (site is saturated)
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Active Transport: the Sodium/Potassium ATPase Pump
High [Na+]
Low [Na+] High [K+]
Low [K+] Na+ and K+ transported against a concentration gradient; energy is provided via coupling to ATP hydrolysis.
A p-type ATPaseCa2+ ATPase
Gastric H+-K+ ATPase
Cell volumeElectronic response of neurons and muscle cells
Transport of sugars, amino acids via 2ndary active transport
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Secondary Transporters
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Channel Transport
• Passive• Rapid• Specific• Molecular machines
Voltage gated:respond to changes in membrane potential.
Ligand-gated:respond to binding of small molecules.
Nerve Impulse: Na+
into cell and K+ out.
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The K+ Channel
The selectivity filter, “filters” water molecules away from the K+.
K+ channel is 100 X more permeable to K+ than to Na+.
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The K+ Channel is Rapid