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Chapter 12High Renaissance and Mannerism
C&V, vol. 2, 8th edition
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High Renaissance
• Move from Florence to Rome !
• Popes become very important patrons !
• Important artists: – Raphael, Michelangelo, Palladio (for architecture),
Giorgione (jor-JOAN-nee), Titian (TI-shun)
!
• Important musicians: – Josquin des Prez, Palestrina, G. Gabrieli
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Why be an Arts patron?
• See C&V p. 388-90 & p. 410 !
• Memorialize the family name !
• Promote civic pride !
• Assure the patron’s standing in society !
• Exhibits your power and position
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Popes and Patronage
● Vatican as center of wealth, stability ● Pope Sixtus IV ● Pope Julius II ■ Beginnings of High Renaissance (1503) ■ “il papa terribile” ■ Raphael, Michelangelo
● The de’ Medici Family
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The Visual Arts
● Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) ■ Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Madonna of the
Rocks ● Orthogonals (p. 391), chiaroscuro (p. 392) ● smart history link on linear perspective !
■ Notebooks !
■ Mathematics, natural world and humanity, love for beauty
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12.3 Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495-1498, Refectory, Santa Maria delle Grazi, Milan, Italy
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12.3 Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495-1498, Refectory, Santa Maria delle Grazi, Milan, Italy
Source: http://www.paintdrawer.co.uk/folders/Courses/Drawing%20and%20Sketching/L10/images/leonardo_last%20supper.jpg
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12.4A Leonardo da Vinci, Madonna of the Rocks, begun 1483. Musee du Louvre, Paris, France
!! smart history link
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12.5 Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1503-1505. Musee du Louvre, Paris, France
!! smart history link
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Pyramid construction in art see p. 392
Leonardo da Vinci, Madonna of the Rocks ca. 1485 Raphael, Madonna of the Meadow ca. 1508
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The Visual Arts Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)
● From Urbino to Perugia ■ Apprentice to Perugino !
● From Perugia to Florence (1505) !
● Madonna of the Meadow (1508) ■ Pyramidal configuration ■ Rationally ordered ■ Modeling of human forms !
● Human quality of the divine figure
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12.7 Raphael, Madonna of the Meadow, 1508,
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria
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The Visual Arts Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)
● From Florence to Vatican (1508) !
● School of Athens (1509-1511) ■ Symbolic homage to philosophy ■ Renaissance ideal ■ see 396-397 ■ http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/school-of-athens.html !
● Balance of philosophy and theology
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12.8A Raphael, Philosophy (School of Athens), 1509-1511. Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace, Vatican State, Italy
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The Visual Arts
● Lorenzo de’ Medici !
● Michelangelo Buonarroti (1476-1564) ■ Pietá ■ smart history link !
● Michelangelo’s David ■ Statement of idealized beauty ■ Palazzo Vecchio: symbol of civic power
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12.10 Michelangelo, David, 1501-1504, Accademia di Belle Arti, Florence, Italy
■ smart history link
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The Visual Arts Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)
Tomb for Pope Julius II !!
● Moses (1513-1515) ■ Divine fury, divine light ■ Terribilità
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12.11 Michelangelo, Moses, 1513-1515, San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, Italy
!■ smart history link
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The Visual Arts Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)
The Sistine Chapel !
● “Michelangelo, Sculptor” ● Architectural and thematic motifs ● Interpretation ■ Neo-Platonism ■ Old Testament and pagan prophets ■ Complex tree symbolism ■ Human wisdom + God’s revelation
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12.12A Michelangelo, Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, 1508-1511, Vatican Palace, Vatican State, Italy
!!• smart history link
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The Visual Arts Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)
● Michelangelesque ■ Masculine anatomy, musculature ■ Physical bulk, linear grace, emotionality ■ Creation of Adam (1508-1511) ■ The Last Judgment (1534-1541) !
● Medici Chapel ■ Architectural and sculptural design ■ Life, death, resurrection
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12.13 Michelangelo, Creation of Adam, detail of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, 1508-1512, Vatican Palace, Vatican State, Italy
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12.16 Michelangelo, Night, 1519-1531, detail of the tomb of Giuliano de’ Medici, Church of San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy
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The Visual Arts Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)
The New Saint Peter’s !
● Donato Bramante (1444-1514) ■ Tempietto !
● Michelangelo as architect (1546) ■ Bramante’s plan ■ Ribbed, arched dome ■ Drum to support dome !
• smart history link
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The High Renaissance in Venice
● Andrea Palladio ■ Classical Architecture of Greece reflected
through Roman structures !
■ Four Books of Architecture (1570) !
■ Palazzo Chiericati ● Harmony and balance !
■ La Rotonda
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Architecture• Andrea Palladio
• see pp. 407-8 !
•Designs many villas in High Ren. Style !
•Four Books of Architecture (1570) !
•Style spreads through his books; esp. in England and later in America; “Greek Revival” style in American South !
smart history linkVilla Rotonda (formerly Villa Capra), near Vicenza, Italy, ca. 1566–1570
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Art in Venice: Titian
Assumption of the Virgin - Typical of his style - swirling color - triangular composition
Venus of Urbino (p. 409) - Celebration of female beauty from a human perspective - Renaissance artists studies of the human body - Painted for a wealthy patron
smart history link smart history link
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Mannerism● Characteristics of Mannerism ■ Distortion and elongation ■ Flattened, two-dimensional space ■ Lack of a defined focal point ■ Discordant pastel hues ■ smart history link on mannerism !
● Jacopo Carucci da Pontormo (1494-1557) ■ Deposition (c. 1528) !
● Il Bronzino ■ Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (The Exposure of
Luxury)
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Parmigianino (little one from Parma)•Self Portrait in a Convex Mirror (1524) •exaggerated, irrational space •elongated features
smart history link
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High Ren. vs. Mannerism(p. 411)
High Renaissance• Content: universal, ideal • Space: harmonious, rational,
proportional • Figure: easily posed, restful
Mannerism• Content: subjective, strange • Space: irrational, exaggerated • Figure: serpentina, tense • "Mannerist artists preferred
odd, agitated poses (especially the serpentinata, a sharply twisted, serpentine pose), spatial exaggeration ..." (Adams p. 387)
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Michelangelo both stylesHigh Ren. and Mannerist- Sistine Chapel in the Vatican
!- Ceiling in High Renaissance Style - Altar Wall in Mannerist Style ! smart history link
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High Ren. vs. Mannerism
smart history link smart history link
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12.23 Bronzino, Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (The Exposure of Luxury), 1546, National Gallery, London, England
! smart history link
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Mannerism
● Lavinia Fontana (1552-1614) ■ Daughter of Bolognese painter ■ Portrait painter (Rome, Bologna) ■ Exaggerated angles, use of color
● Sofonisba Anguissola (1532?-1624) ■ Renaissance and Baroque masters ■ Pictorial representations ■ Contrasts of dark and light
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12.24 Lavinia Fontana, Noli Me Tangere, 1581, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy
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12.25 Sofonisba Anguissola, A Game of Chess, 1555, National Museum in Poznan, Poland
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Mannerism
● Giovanni da Bologna (1529-1608) ■ Sculptor ■ Abduction of the Sabine Women
● El Greco (1541-1614) ■ Distortion of figures and ambiguous space ■ The Burial of the Count of Orgaz
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12.27 El Greco, The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, 1586, Santo Tome, Toledo, Spain
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Music in the Sixteenth Century
Music at the Papal Court !
● Sistine Choir and Julian Choir ■ Male voices, a capella
● Josquin des Prez (c. 1450-1521) ■ Sistine Choir, composer and director ■ Motet for four voices ■ Structure, balance, lyrical quality
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Music in the Sixteenth Century
Music at the Papal Court !
● Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594) ■ Choirmaster of capella Guilia (Julian choir) ■ 1571-1594 Vatican’s music director ■ Conservative masses in response to Catholic
reform movement
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Music in the Sixteenth CenturyVenetian Music
!
● Adrian Willaert ■ Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli
● Church of St. Mark ■ Split choirs ■ Instrumental music in liturgy ■ Intonazione, toccata
● Intellectual influence of Italian humanism
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Music in the Sixteenth Century!
● Roman music (Papal music) had a Renaissance sensibility ■ proportion, Classicism, and balance !
● Venetian music ■ like the Venetian painters were more interested in color and
emotion !
(see C&V, 8th, p. 419)
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Literature
● Leonardo da Vinci ■ 13,000 pages of notes
● Michaelangelo Buonarroti ■ Poetry
● Vittoria Colonna ● Baldassare Castiglione ■ The Book of the Courtier
● Veronica Franco ● Benvenuto Cellini
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13.28 Raphael, Baldassare Castiglione, 1514, Musee du Louvre, Paris, France
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Literature
● Baldassare Castiglione ■ The Book of the Courtier ■ Outlines what the ideal courtier should be like ■ see C&V pp. 421-421 ■ Criticized as being overly refined (C&V p. 421) !
● Benvenuto Cellini ■ his auto biography shows us a far more violent and
decadent way of life ■ see C&V pp. 425-427 ■ Perseus Holding the Head of Medusa - mannerist sculpture - smart history link