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Chapter 10Plant Anatomy & Physiology
Michael G. Simpson
Plant Anatomy
Study of tissue and cell structure of plants.
(In zoology, anatomy is study of internal organs; histology is study of tissues/cells.)
Plant Physiology
Study of metabolic processes in plants.
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Cell Theory
All of life is composed of 1 or more cells.
Cells arise only from pre-existing cells, via cell division or cell fusion.
Cells are units of metabolic processes.
Each cell contains set of hereditary information (DNA), transferred from cell to cell, coding for structural & functional features.
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contains DNAstorage: pigments, acids, ergastic substances
respiration
protein synthesis & transport of materials
transport &
modification
photosynthesis
cell recognition, transport
structural support
ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
storage high energy carbs.
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Ergastic Substances:not actively metabolized (storage/waste)
chromoplasts
amyloplasts (starch grains):
alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside
crystals (Ca-oxalate; silica)
druses raphides styloids prismatics
aleurone grains: protein oil bodies
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cell wall
mainly cellulose: beta-1,4-glucopyranoside
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lignin - secondary cell wall
primary cell wall(cellulosic)middle lamellaplasmamembraneCell #1 Cell #2
secondary cell wall(lignified)plasmodesmataprimary pit field(collection of severalplasmodesmata)pit(pits of two adjacentcells = pit-pair)
Cell #2Cell #1
function?
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lateral branch
rootshoot
axillarybudshootapex
lateralbranchnodeinternode
root tip
root apicalmeristemroot caproot hairs
shoot tipshoot apicalmeristembudprimordium
lateral roots
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meristem - region of actively dividing cells 1) apical (shoot & root); 2) lateral (vascular & cork cambia)
Cell differentiation:1) Cell expansion (elongation)2) Cell maturation / specialization
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Plant Tissues & Cell Types
Tissue:
= group of cells with common function or structure.
Three broad tissue types:
1) Dermal - outside layer(s)
2) Vascular - conduction
3) Ground - between dermal and vascular
Simple vs. Complex Tissue:
1 versus 2 or more cell types
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Ground Tissue
Parenchyma: Gen. metabol.
1) Isodiametric to elongate
2) Primary cell wall
3) Living
Collenchyma: support
1) Elongate
2) Primary cell wall thick, uneven, rich in pectins
3) Living
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Ground Tissue
Sclerenchyma
1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
2) Dead at maturity (usually)
Fibers
Elongate, sharply tapering
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Ground Tissue
Sclerenchyma
1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
2) Dead at maturity (usually)
Sclereids
Isodiametric to irregular
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Vascular Tissue
Xylem
Water & mineral conduction
Tracheary elements + parenchyma + sclerenchyma
Phloem
Sugar conduction
Sieve members + parenchyma + sclerenchyma
- Both complex tissues
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Tracheary Elements
Tracheids - Imperforate Vessels - Perforate
Angiosperms (most)
Gnetales
A few Monilophytes
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Sieve Elements
Sieve cells - No sieve plates Sieve tube members - Sieve plates
Apomorphy of Angiosperms
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Dermal & Secretory tissues & cells
Epidermis Glands
Laticifers Nectaries
Stomates
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Dermal tissues: Trichome anatomy
Epidermis
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lateral branch
rootshoot
axillarybudshootapex
lateralbranchnodeinternode
root tip
root apicalmeristemroot caproot hairs
shoot tipshoot apicalmeristembudprimordium
lateral roots
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root caproot apical meristem
ROOT (l.s.)1) Protective root cap
2) Absorptive root hairs
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ROOT (c.s.)3) Give rise to new roots endogenously
(from within)
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Casparian StripFunction: forces fluids from outside
through plasma membrane = selective absorption
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lateral branch
rootshoot
axillarybudshootapex
lateralbranchnodeinternode
root tip
root apicalmeristemroot caproot hairs
shoot tipshoot apicalmeristembudprimordium
lateral roots
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SPOROPHYTICSHOOT
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Stems:• Give rise to leaves exogenously• Do not have a protective “cap” of cells• Do not have root hairs (but may have trichomes)
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Stelar types
eustele atactostele
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Protoxylem maturation
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Vascular cambium - a lateral meristem
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Conifers: non-porous
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Ring porous Diffuse porous
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Wood Ray Anatomy
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Leaf anatomy
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Stomata
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C3 Photosynthesis
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Kranz anatomy
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C4 Photosynthesis
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CAM photosynthesis
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