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Chapter 1 C
Cells: The Basic Units of Life
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Section 1
• The Diversity of Cells:
• Cell – the smallest unit that can perform all the processes necessary for life
• - come in many different sizes and shapes
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Cells and the Cell Theory…..• Robert Hooke – first to describe cells (1665)
- built simple microscope
- looked @ cork (saw little rooms and called them cells)
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Finding cells in other organisms….. • Anton van Leeuwenhoek – 1673
- made microscope
- looked @ pond scum (animalcules/protists)
- looked at animal blood (noticed different shapes in different animals)
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However…..
• Zacharias Jannsen - built 1st compound scope
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The Cell Theory…..
• Matthias Schleiden – German- all plant tissue made of cells
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The Cell Theory…..
• Theodore Schwann- German- concluded that all animal tissue is made of cells
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The Cell Theory…..• Rudolf Virchow –
- German- Concluded all cells come from other cells
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The Cell Theory…..
1. All organisms are made of cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. All cells come from other cells
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Cell Size…..
There are a few large one – yolk of an eggMany smaller ones –
size is controlled by the surface area to volume ratio
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Parts of a Cell…..
• Cells come in many different shapes and sizes
• Cells have many different functions
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All cells have these parts…..
• Cell Membrane – protective layer around cell - acts as a barrier - controls what goes in/out
of a cell - made of phospholipids
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All cells have these parts…..
• Cytoplasm – jelly like part of cell
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All cells have these parts…..
• Organelles – parts inside the cell that carry out certain processes
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All cells have these parts…..• Genetic Material – DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- contains information needed to make new cells and new organisms
- in some cells, the DNA is contained inside a NUCLEUS
(brain of the cell)
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2 Types of Cells…..
• Prokaryotic – cell with NO nucleus
• Eukaryotic – cells do have a nucleus
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2 Types of Cells…..
• Prokaryotic –
• Most common are Bacteria (Bacterium)
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2 Types of Cells…..
• Prokaryotic –
• 2nd most common are Archae
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2 Types of Cells…..• Eukaryotic – Largest cells
- Still microscopic - ~ 10x larger than bacterial cells - Have a nucleus (brain of the cell)
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Section 2
• Eukaryotic cells – Animal cells and plant cells are the most common
Animal Cell Plant Cell
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Eukaryotic Cells…..• Cell Wall – rigid structure that gives
support and shape- found in plants and algae- made of cellulose (complex
sugar)- Fungus also have cell walls, but
they are made out of chitin- Bacteria and Archae also have cell walls, but are different
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Eukaryotic Cells…..
• Cell Membrane – all cells have this - protective barrier - separates from environment
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Eukaryotic Cells…..• Cytoskeleton – web of proteins in the
cytoplasm - acts as a muscle and a skeleton - made of 3 types of proteins
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Eukaryotic Cells…..• Nucleus – in all eukaryotic cells
- contain DNA (genetic material)
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Eukaryotic Cells…..• Ribosomes – smallest organelles
- most abundant organelle - NOT membrane bound - make proteins out of AMINO ACIDS 20 different amino acids
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Eukaryotic Cells…..
• Endoplasmic Reticulum – a system of folded membranes in which proteins and lipids are made
- internal delivery system in cell- it is either ROUGH or SMOOTH
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Eukaryotic Cells…..• Mitochondria
(mitochondrion) –
- power source of the cell
- breaks sugar down into ATP
- needs oxygen
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Eukaryotic Cells…..• Chloroplasts – Only in plants/algae
- carries out PHOTOSYNTHESIS** process of using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugar and oxygen
- green (chlorophyll)**traps the sunlight
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Eukaryotic Cells…..
• Golgi Complex – packages and distributes proteins from E.R.
- pinches off bubble to transport its contents
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Eukaryotic Cells…..
• The bubble is called a VESICLE
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Eukaryotic Cells…..• Lysosomes – a special vesicle responsible
for digestion - contain digestive enzymes - destroy damaged/worn out organelles
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Eukaryotic Cells…..
• Vacuoles – a vesicle in plant/fungus
- aid in digestion
- storage of water *****
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Section 3
• The Organization of Living Things –Cells – every living thing is made of cellsTissue- groups of cells working together to do
a jobOrgans – groups of tissues working together
to do a jobOrgan Systems – groups of organs working
together to do jobOrganism – groups of organ systems working
together to do a job
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The Organization of Life…..