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Chapter 1: Biomes and Ecosystems are Divisions of the Biosphere
CO2 + H2O + Energy → O2 + Sugar
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Today!
Biome review
Ecosystems
Abiotic factors
Biotic factors
Ecological hierarchy
Begin workbook pages (due class AFTER next)
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Biomes review
What is a biome?
Name the 8 terrestrial biomes
What do latitude, elevation, wind, and ocean currents influence?
What is a climatograph?
What are the 3 ways organisms can adapt?
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Science 10 Chapter 1.2 Ecosystems
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1.2 Ecosystems• a biological community of interacting
organisms (biotic) and their physicalenvironment (abiotic)
• Are smaller subdivisions of biomes
• A habitat is where an organism lives
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Abiotic factors ALLOW biotic factors to survive in an ecosystem
Abiotic factors:air, water, soil,nutrients, light
Biotic factors:plants, animals,micro-organisms
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Back to Biomes
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Ecosystems are different sizes
• A biome is
made up of
many similar
ecosystems
• Small ecosystem examples: puddle, rotting stump, tide pool
• Large ecosystem examples: coastal Douglas Fir forest, Gary Oak, coast mountain range
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Abiotic Examples in Terrestrial EcosystemsLight is required for photosynthesis – stores solar energy as starches and carbohydrates
Oxygen is produced by: green plants, some micro-organisms, used by animals and most other micro-organisms
Water is necessary for all life
Nutrients often enter food chain from plants (IMPORTANT for growth)
Soil contains water, nutrients, andis a home to many plants/animals
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PhotosynthesisA chemical reaction in the chloroplast of plant cells where sunlightis used in the presence of chlorophyll to make food (glucose) for the plant.
Sunlight + 6H20 + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
(Sun + Water + carbon dioxide →sugar + oxygen)
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Soil• Provides nutrients for plants, supports life for many small
organisms
• Anchors plants in one place, absorbs and holds water, making it available to plants and animals
• Soil organisms maintain soil structure
(e.g., Earthworms)
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Soil
• Some soil organisms break down pollutants
(e.g., Bacteria)
• Some store carbon by eating insects, taking OM underground, aerating soil
Example: ground beetles, dung beetles
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Habitat• (Latin: “it inhabits”)
• the natural environment where an organism lives
• the physical environment that surrounds
(influences and is utilized by) a species
population.
• E.g., sculpin’s habitat = between rocks @
bottom of tide pool ecosystem
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Structure of Biotic Interactions
• Interactions of plants, animals, and microorganisms are organized in an ecological heirarchy
Individual Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere
1. Individual: an organism
2. Species: a group of closely related organisms that can reproduce with each other
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Structure of Biotic Interactions
3. Population: all members of a particular species within an ecosystem
• Many different species interactwith each other to form a
4. Community: all the populationsof different species that interact in an ecosystem– E.g., mosquitoes, robins,
raccoons, cougars
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Niches (specializations)
• The role an organism has
within an ecosystem, physically,
chemically, and biologically
• Its “job,” how it contributes
to, and fits in the environment
• Dragons den investors dislike micro-niches
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The blue heron’s niche• Live near water where they can fish
• Can nest in nearby trees and bushes
• Feed alone, but tolerate other birds
• Can find food in deeper water because of long legs
• This allows them to occupy a different niche than short-legged herons
Great Blue Heron
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Coming up… Biotic Interactions in Ecosystems
1. Symbiosis
I. Commensalism
II. Mutualism
III. Parasitism
2. Competition
3. Predation
4. Mimicry
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Today!
Ecosystems
Abiotic factors
Biotic factors
Ecological hierarchy
Niches
Begin WB 10-13 (due class AFTER next)
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Today! Biotic interactions in ecosystems
WB pages 10-13 due tomorrow
Chapter review
Thursday…
A Celebration!
(of learning)
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Fer-de-lance
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v303A6dFPic
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Biotic Interactions in Ecosystems
1. Symbiosis
(symbiotic int.)
I. Commensalism
II. Mutualism
III. Parasitism
2. Competition
3. Predation
4. Mimicry
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Commensalism (a form of symbiosis)
• One species benefits and the other is not helped or harmed.
• an organism using another for transportation, housing, or something another created, after the death of the first.
• E.g., hermit crabs that use gastropod shells, or barnacles on a whale
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Mutualism (a form of symbiosis)• both individuals of the relationship derive a benefit.
E.g.,: goby fish and shrimp.
• Shrimp digs/cleans a burrow in sand where they both live.
• Shrimp is almost blind (vulnerable to predators above)
• Danger! Goby fish touches shrimp with tail to warn it.
• Both quickly retreat into burrow.
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Parasitism (a symbiotic relationship)
• One species benefits while harming the other
• E.g., Roundworms in humans
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0hY4_MMxM4
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Fig wasps – mutualism or parasitism?
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Competition• Organisms require the same resource at the same
location at the same time (may occupy the same niche)
• Health, growth and ability to reproduce can be limited in individual organisms and populations.
• E.g., coyote territory, moose mating, scotch broom
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Competition• Successful Plants:
- Some release chemicals into the soil to prevent growth of other plants
- This can allow the plant to reproduce very quickly
- Can be an invasive species
E.g., Scotch broom (changes soil pH)
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Predation• The relationship between the “eaters” and the “eaten”
• Predators have adaptations to help catch prey, prey have adaptations to avoid predators
• Some work in packs, others hunt alone if small prey is abundant (rabbits, mice, squirrels)
• Lone hunters compete with each
other (especially if food is scarce)
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Predation• term used to describe predator-prey interactions where
one organism eats all or part of another organism
• One organism is harmed, one benefits
• (different from parasitism because
parasites usually don’t kill the host)
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Predation
• Predator Adaptations:
- Highly developed senses (eyesight, smell)
- fangs, claws
• Prey Adaptations:
- Spines, shells, poison, camouflage, mimicry
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Caribbean Reef Squid – Belize 2013
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Caribbean Reef Squid – Belize 2013
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Coral Snake
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKBTpnCl0xQ
“Red touches yellow, you’re a dead fellow
Yellow touches black, good friend of Jack”
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Mimicry is so cool!
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Mimicry
Belize 2013
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Today! Biotic interactions in ecosystems
WB pages 10-13
due next class
Chapter review
Coming up…
A Celebration!
of learning)