Changes in Society
• The Counterculture• “Rights Revolution”
2003 The Stage
Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
The Counterculture• Was caused by the social
and political events of the ‘50s and early 60’s
• Civil rights movements introduced the idea of protest and aided in the rise of the antiwar movements
• People now questioned boundaries and cultural norms such as dress and hairstyles
• Heightened distrust in authority
• Generation Gap
Early ‘60’s• The Beatles• The Beach Boys• Elvis• Mop-top haircut• Bikini (1965)• Beehive
2003 The Stage 2003 The Stage
2003 The Stage
2003 The Stage
Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
Late ‘60s
• Jimi Hendrix• Woodstock• The Band• Long-hair• Sideburns• Bell bottoms• Tie-dye
2003 The Stage
2003 The Stage
Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
Expressions
• “Make Love, Not War” – anti-war, pacifist motto
• The Age of Aquarius – practice of spiritualism, Eastern religion, and alternative medicine, and astrology
2002 Myers Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
Hippies• 1960S subculture that was
originally a youth movement • The word 'hippie' came from
hipster, which was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district.
• Hippies created their own communities, listened to psychedelic rock, embraced the sexual revolution, and some used drugs such as cannabis, LSD, and magic mushrooms to explore altered states of consciousness.
• Rebelled against the longstanding customs and values bestowed upon them by their parents and the country
1999 Premature
The History
Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
• Baby Boom Generation – huge population in the ‘60s from post WWII baby boom
• Sex, Drugs, and Rock & Roll
• Sexual Revolution – erased traditional restrictions on sexual behavior (communes) led to “free love” and more open discussion in mainstream media
• Mind-altering drug use
• Musical and Art influences such as The Beatles, Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, Andy Warhol etc…..
• Haight Ashbury District in San Francisco – center of The Counterculture
2002 High Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
Woodstock
• The Woodstock Music & Art Fair – “3 Days of Peace & Music".
• In the town of Bethel, New York, from August 15 to August 18, 1969, southwest of the town of Woodstock, New York.
• 32 acts performed outdoors in front of 500,000 concert-goers.
• Richie Havens • Swami Satchidananda • Sweetwater • Bert Sommer • Tim Hardin • Ravi Shankar • Melanie • Arlo Guthrie • Joan Baez • Quill • Country Joe McDonald • Santana • John Sebastian • Keef Hartley Band• Sha Na Na • Jimi Hendrix / Gypsy Sun & Rainbows• Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
2002 The PsychedelicExamine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
• The Incredible String Band• Canned Heat • Mountain • Grateful Dead • Creedence Clearwater Revival• Janis Joplin with The Kozmic
Blues Band• Sly & the Family Stone • The Who • Jefferson Airplane • Joe Cocker and The Grease Band • Country Joe and the Fish • Country Joe McDonald's second
performance.• Ten Years After • The Band • Johnny Winter • Blood, Sweat & Tears• Paul Butterfield Blues Band
The Generation Gap
The Boomer Generation
•Teens during the 60s & 70s•Grew up in time of prosperity•Peace & Flowers•Rock music shaped their world views•New distrust toward tradition and authority
The Silent Generation
•Parents of Boomers•Grew up in different world from their children•Learned to live frugally because of rationing during the depression and wars•Big Band music•Valued loyalty, authority, and had respect for military and veterans
Haight-Ashbury District
• San Francisco• Center of
Counterculture• Hippie “Mecca”• Heavy drug use• Attracted great
deal of negative media attention
• High crime rate
Timothy Leary
• Former Harvard researcher
• Preached that drugs could free the mind
• Encouraged American youths to “Tune in, Turn on, Drop out”
Spirituality Routes
• Counterculture members sought spirituality outside of traditional Christian beliefs
• Buddhism/Other Eastern religions
• Native American traditions of living off the land
• Had a lasting impact leading to the environmental movements of the ‘70s
The Counterculture Ends• New freedoms and ways of living
had unfortunate effects• Drug addictions and deaths from
overdoses were on the rise• 2 beloved musicians died from
overdoses at age of 27 – Jimi Hendrix & Janis Joplin
• At a Rolling Stones concert, Hells Angels stabbed an African-American man to death while supposedly providing security
• Ugly underbelly contradicted the values of “Peace & Love” that the hippies embraced
• Many abandoned their experiments and moved right back into the mainstream
• However, influenced the “rights revolution”
Women’s Rights Movement
• After WWII, women gave up their careers to returning servicemen and moved back into the homes to take care of the family
• Movement to attain sexual equality had risen in the 1960’s
• This movement changed American life – from family, education, careers, and political issues
2nd Wave of Feminism
• First wave in 1920s
• Seeking to redefine roles and how they were viewed
• The civil rights movement prompted women to look at ways in which society caste, judged, and discriminated against them
• Casey Hayden & Mary King were civil rights veterans who thought that there were parallels which could be drawn between the treatments of blacks and women
The Feminine Mystique• Written by Betty Friedan, helped
launch the women’s movement by inspiring women to join the struggle for equal rights
• "The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning [that is, a longing] that women suffered in the middle of the 20th century in the United States. Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries … she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question — 'Is this all?"
Job Opportunities• The number of women in the
workforce grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s
• Yet they held dead end jobs
• Even with advanced training and education, they faced discriminatory employers
• Betty Friedan was fired from her job when she became pregnant with her second child
• Sandra Day O’Connor (first female Supreme Court Justice) graduated at the top of her class and had no employment opportunities
National Organization for Women (NOW)• The organization dedicated to winning
“true equality for all women” and to attaining a “full and equal partnership of the sexes”
• Set to break down barriers of discrimination in the workplace and in education
• Attacked stereotypes of women and called for more balanced roles in marriage
• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) – passage would guarantee gender equality under the law
• Wanted Reproductive Rights – the right to an abortion
• NOW worked within the existing politics for reform on existing legislation
Raising Awareness• Not all women took the political
approach to the movement
• Some found NOW too tame and set out to show how society trapped women into restrictive roles
• Public protests and consciousness raising efforts by radical feminists
• Gloria Steinem raised awareness through the mass media
• Steinem worked as a writer worked undercover with Playboy magazine to show the humiliation the Bunnies faced just to earn a living
• Co-founded Ms., a feminist magazine
• Became the most famous feminist leader of the 1970s
Opposing the Movement
• Some Americans, both men and women, were openly against the feminist movement
• Phyllis Schlafly – a conservative political activist who denounced women’s liberation as “an assault on family, marriage, and on children.”
• Worked hard to defeat ERA, saying that the act would compel women to fight in the military, end separate public restrooms, and hurt the family
• High conservative opposition to the movement, and the ERA fell 3 states short of passing due to this
Lasting Effects• Women’s roles and
opportunities expanded
• Women gained legal rights
• Feminists sparked a debate that continues today
• In the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a clause called Title VII – this outlawed discrimination based on sex
• Women used Title VII to challenge discrimination
• The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was established to enforce prohibition on job discrimination
• Commission on the Status of Women (1961) examined workplace discrimination
• Title IX of the Higher Education Act (19720 banned discrimination in education
• Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974) made it illegal to deny credit based on gender
Roe v. Wade (1973)
• Considered the most important legal victory
• Assured women the right to legal abortions
• As highly controversial then as it is today
Changes in the Workplace• The percentage of women in the workplace has grown
from 30% in 1960 to 60% in 2000
• Number of married female workers has increased
• Fields once closed or considered off limits to women (law, medicine, accounting, etc.) have opened up
• However, the average woman still earns less than the average man
• This could be due to the type of field or service, and most women shoulder additional family responsibilities that men traditionally do not
• Now, the majority of the nation’s people living in poverty are single women with children
LatinosNative AmericansAsian Americans
Consumer RightsPeople with Disabilities
Fight to influence laws and government and expand rights for these groups of Americans
THE RIGHTS REVOLUTION EXPANDS
During and after WWII, the country faced a growing demand for cheap labor
Populations of Latin American countries grew
Job opportunities declined in Latino countries
This sent a steady stream of immigrants to the U.S.
Beginning in 1942, Mexican immigrants came to American under the bracero or farmhand program
Temporary worker status
Over a 25 year period, 4 million entered the U.S.
Played a crucial role in sustaining the agriculture during WWII
GROWTH OF LATINO POPULATION
Many Mexicans migrated to the U.S. illegally
Those who outstayed their braceros permits and the illegal immigrants were deported in the 1950s
DEPORTATION
These amendments eliminated the national-origin quotas for immigrants
In the following decades, about 2.8 million Mexican and Asian immigrants entered the country
IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACTS
Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Cubans came legally or as political refugees
The tended to settle in urban areas
New York City & Miami
LATINO COMMUNITIES
Like other minorities, they also faced discrimination
Hector Garcia, a WWII veteran, formed the American G.I. Forum to battle discrimination
Others groups demanded better working conditions, salaries, and educational opportunities
Wanted their right to voteWanted to be able to elect
politicians who would represent their interests
FACING DISCRIMINATION
Most influential Latino activist
Fought for rights for farm laborers
Migrant Farmworkers – migrated from farm to farm and often from state to state
Organized farmworkers union
Which later merged with another union to create the United Farm Workers (UFW)
CESAR CHAVEZ
Committed to nonviolent tactics
Implemented a workers strike and buyer boycott of grapes grown in California
California later passed a law requiring a partnership between growers and union reps
Now had a legal basis for better working conditions
UNITED FARM WORKERS (UFW)
Growth of the Mexican American social and political effort
States with high Latino populations had demand for educators to teach their heritage and history
National Council of La Raza focused on reducing poverty and discrimination amongst Latinos
CHICANO MOVEMENT GROWS
Attaining political strength for Latinos
Jose Angel Gutierrez organized a political party in TX called La Raza Unida
Party supported Latino political candidates
Called for better housing and jobs
By 1980, 6 Hispanics sat in Congress representing districts in NY & CA
“BROWN POWER”
Long history of poverty, unemployment, and suicides
National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) formed to preserve native fishing rights in the NW
Later included all aspects of civil rights for Native Americans
NATIVE AMERICANS
Founded by Chippewa activists Dennis Banks and George Mitchell
At first, focused on helping Indians living in urban ghettos
Later, was addressing all civil rights issues
Securing land, legal rights, self-government
AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM)
1969, A group of American Indians occupied Alcatraz
Members of the Sioux tribe claimed it belonged to them under a treaty granting them federal land
Coast Guard and federal authorities tried to evict them
About 100 American Indians representing 50 tribes occupied the land until mid 1971
CONFRONTATION
AIM arranged a “long march” from San Francisco to D.C.
Led by Dennis Banks & Russell Means
In D.C., they took control over the Bureau of Indian Affairs Building and temporarily renamed it the Native American Embassy
CONFRONTATION (CONT.)
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee written by Dee Brown raised public awareness about the historic mistreatment of Native Americans
AIM planned a confrontation at Wounded Knee, SD
1973, village was taken over and they refused until the government agreed to investigate the condition of reservation Indians
Federal authorities put Wounded Knee under siege, and 2 AIM members died as a result of the gunfire
Standoff ended when government agreed to examine native treaty rights
SIEGE AT WOUNDED KNEE
Indian Self-Determination Act granted tribes greater control over resources and education on reservations
Legal battles were also won to regain land, water, and mineral rights
Other groups provoked a political backlash saying that the federal government gave special treatment to American Indian
Native Americans still suffered from high rates of unemployment and poverty
LEGAL CHANGES
Several laws passed in the 1970s
Had long faced prejudice and discrimination in America
Japanese American Citizens Lodge (1929) protected civil rights
Worked to receive government compensation for property lost to American during WWII
Many other groups formed during the “rights revolution” to combat discrimination and protect rights of all Asian Americans
Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments (1965) passed also aided Asian immigrants
ASIAN AMERICANS
Led by Ralph NaderA lawyer who began
investigating car designs and the flaws
His book, Unsafe at Any Speed attacked auto makers stating they were creating vehicles that endangered the people
Prompted the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (1966)
CONSUMER RIGHTS
Consumer advocacy groups formed:
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandated workplace safety regulations
CONSUMER RIGHTS (CONT.)
Historically, people with disabilities had been treated as defective
FDR hid his disabilityHigh number of
disabled veterans from Korean and Vietnam wars
RIGHTS FOR THE DISABLED
The Panel on Mental Retardation (1961) explored ways to help people with mental disabilities
Eunice Shriver (Kennedy’s sister) began what later became the Special Olympics
Later, several other laws also passed guaranteeing access to education for people with disabilities
RIGHTS FOR THE DISABLED (CONT.)
Environmental Movement People’s rights to a clean and safe
environment Rachel Carson was an American
marine biologist and conservationist wrote Silent Spring
The book pointed out that human actions were harming the environment and all living creatures in it
Prompted a debate about the importance of governmental involvement in environmental regulations
Silent Spring sparks a movement
Carson described the deadly impacts of chemicals and toxic waste on animals and the environment
Human activity altered it and it was our responsibility to take care of it
Public was convinced of her argument
Congress restricted the use of the pesticide DDT
Spurred widespread environmental activism among Americans
Cuyahoga River Fire Activists immediately
responded to incident A spark ignited the
byproducts and wastes caused by industrialization in the area
The river’s surface was coated with oil and was said to “ooze, rather than flow”
Magazine stated that a person “does not drown but decays”
Earth Day
Nationwide protest that started in response to growing environmental concerns
Was done “to shake up the political establishment and force the issue onto the national agenda”
April 22, 1970 – 20 million Americans took part throughout the nation
Became a yearly event attracting civil and women’s rights activists, and the Sierra Club and Wilderness Society
Nixon Turns Environmentalist
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – mission to protect the “entire ecological chain”
Clean Air Act (1970) eliminated air pollutants and emissions
Clean Water Act (1973) limited pollutants of water by agriculture and industry
Endangered Species Act (1973) promoted protection of endangered plants and animals
President Ford continued with policies and created the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to make sure nuclear materials would be handled safely with no harmful impacts on humans or the environment
Environmental Setbacks Love Canal – near
Niagara Falls, NY; high rates of birth defects and cancer
EPA Investigators found that these were caused by thousands of tons of toxic chemicals that had been dumped in the ground by industries for decades
Heavy rains would send toxic chemicals percolating up through the ground
Three Mile Island
(1979) The core of a nuclear reactor at Three Mile Island outside Harrisburg, PA began to melt
Threat of releasing radioactive gas State of Emergency was declared
by the governor and plant was shut down
Incident was contained and no proven health risks
Had profound effects on America’s energy policy
Many opposed nuclear power fearing possible disaster
Temporary Ban – No nuclear power plants were built for 25 years
Lifted in the 2000’s because of energy shortages
Superfund
These situations prompted Congress to establish the Superfund
Goal is to restore sites in ways that provide economic or environmental benefits to communities
Questioning Environmental Regulation
Conservatives suggested that the government had imposed too many regulations
Stripped property owners of their rights on what they could do with their land
Industry leaders worried that too much regulation would cut funding and jobs to industry by diverting it to environmental protection
By the end of the 1970s, the country was divided about what the governments role should be in protecting the environment