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CHANDRACHANDRA
Title
The Chandra X-Ray The Chandra X-Ray Observatory: The Observatory: The Past, the Present, Past, the Present,
and the Futureand the Future
The Chandra X-Ray The Chandra X-Ray Observatory: The Observatory: The Past, the Present, Past, the Present,
and the Futureand the FutureWednesday, January 12, 2005
• Martin C. Weisskopf
• Harvey Tananbaum
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CHANDRACHANDRA
• R. Giacconi – Chairman
• M. Weisskopf – Vice Chairman
• A. Opp (NASA HQ) – Ex Officio– E. Boldt (GSFC) S. Bowyer (UCB)– G. Clark (MIT) A. Davidsen (JHU)– G. Garmire (CIT) B. Kraushaar (Wisc)– R. Novick (Columbia) S. Shulman (NRL)– H. Tananbaum (SAO) A. Walker (Stanford)– K. Pounds (Leicester) J. Truemper (MPE)
SSO O MMANY ANY PPEOPLE – THE FIRST SWGEOPLE – THE FIRST SWGSSO O MMANY ANY PPEOPLE – THE FIRST SWGEOPLE – THE FIRST SWG
First SWG
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CHANDRACHANDRA
SSO O MMANY ANY PPEOPLEEOPLESSO O MMANY ANY PPEOPLEEOPLE
Second
SWG
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CHANDRACHANDRA
TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL B BEGINNING - EGINNING - 19761976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL B BEGINNING - EGINNING - 19761976
Beginning
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CHANDRACHANDRA
Beginning
TTHE HE RREALEAL B BEGINNING - EGINNING - 19631963TTHE HE RREALEAL B BEGINNING - EGINNING - 19631963
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CHANDRACHANDRA
TTHE HE OOPTICSPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
TMA 1 (1985) &
2 (1989)
VETA (1991)
Optics
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CHANDRACHANDRA
TTHE HE OOPTICS – FLIGHT SYSTEMPTICS – FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS – FLIGHT SYSTEMPTICS – FLIGHT SYSTEM
Optics
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CHANDRACHANDRA
TTHE HE OOPTICSPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
Optics
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CHANDRACHANDRA
Mon/Tue July 19/20Mon/Tue July 19/20
Sensor spike - hydrogen in Sensor spike - hydrogen in the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
Wed/Thurs JulyWed/Thurs July 21/2221/22
LightningLightning in the vicinity in the vicinity
Thurs/Fri JulyThurs/Fri July 22/2322/23
Launch!Launch!
Launch
LLAUNCHAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
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CHANDRACHANDRA
FFIRST IRST LLIGHTIGHTFFIRST IRST LLIGHTIGHT
First Light
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CHANDRACHANDRA
CCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA A ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA A A
Tananbaum et al. 1999 Hwang et al. 2004Hwang et al. 2004
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CHANDRACHANDRA
TTHE HE RREALEAL F FIRST IRST LLIGHT - IGHT - “LEON X-1”“LEON X-1”TTHE HE RREALEAL F FIRST IRST LLIGHT - IGHT - “LEON X-1”“LEON X-1”
Leon X1
Weisskopf et al. 2005
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CHANDRACHANDRA
SSOLAR OLAR SSYSTEM YSTEM OOBJECTSBJECTSSSOLAR OLAR SSYSTEM YSTEM OOBJECTSBJECTS
Jupiter & its moons
Earth’s Moon
Optical: Gendler; X-ray: J.Drake et al.Optical: Gendler; X-ray: J.Drake et al.
Elsner et al. 2002Gladstone et al. 2002
Solar System
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CHANDRACHANDRA
30 D30 DORADUSORADUS30 D30 DORADUSORADUS30
Doradus
B. Brandl, L. Townsley, et al. 2005
19’
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CHANDRACHANDRA
CCRAB RAB NNEBULAEBULACCRAB RAB NNEBULAEBULA
Weisskopf et al. 2000; Hester et al. 2002
Crab Movi
e
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CHANDRACHANDRA
Pavlov et al. 2003
Vela Pulsa
r
VVELA ELA PPULSARULSARVVELA ELA PPULSARULSAR
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CHANDRACHANDRA
TTHEHE P PUZZLINGUZZLING C CASEASE OFOF RX J1856.5-3754 RX J1856.5-3754TTHEHE P PUZZLINGUZZLING C CASEASE OFOF RX J1856.5-3754 RX J1856.5-3754
Burwitz et al. 2003
RX J185
6
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CHANDRACHANDRA
CCIRCINUS IRCINUS X-1X-1CCIRCINUS IRCINUS X-1X-1
Circinus X1
Brandt & Schulz 2000; Schulz & Brandt 2002
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CHANDRACHANDRA
XX--rraay y BBiinnaarriieess
VVELA ELA X-1X-1VVELA ELA X-1X-1
M.Sako
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CHANDRACHANDRA
SS 433SS 433SS 433SS 433
XX--rraay y BBiinnaarriieess
Marshall, Canizares, and Schulz 2002, Migliari et al. 2002, Lopez et al. 2005
6.5’’
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CHANDRACHANDRA
GGLOBULAR LOBULAR CCLUSTERS – LUSTERS – 4747 TTUCUCGGLOBULAR LOBULAR CCLUSTERS – LUSTERS – 4747 TTUCUC
Heinke et al. 2005 Heinke et al. 2005
Globular
Clusters
2.5’
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CHANDRACHANDRA
48’
Wang et al. 2002
Galactic Ctr -1-
GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER -1-ENTER -1-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER -1-ENTER -1-
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CHANDRACHANDRA
Galactic Ctr -HT-
GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER -zoom in-ENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER -zoom in-ENTER -zoom in-
Baganoff et al. 2003
8.4’
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CHANDRACHANDRA
HRC Image of Nuclear
Region of M31
HRCHRC IIMAGE OF MAGE OF NNUCLEAR UCLEAR RREGION OF EGION OF M31M31HRCHRC IIMAGE OF MAGE OF NNUCLEAR UCLEAR RREGION OF EGION OF M31M31
Garcia et al. 2004
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CHANDRACHANDRA
D. Wang et al. 2001
NGC 4631 & NGC 4697
SSPIRAL & PIRAL & EELLIPTICAL LLIPTICAL GGALAXIESALAXIESSSPIRAL & PIRAL & EELLIPTICAL LLIPTICAL GGALAXIESALAXIES
Sarazin et al. 2002
NGC 4631NGC 4631 NGC 4697NGC 4697
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CHANDRACHANDRA
AnteAntennaennae
TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al. 2004
Green = Mg
Blue = Si
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CHANDRACHANDRA
Komossa et al. 2002
NGC 6240NGC 6240 NGC 6240NGC 6240
NGC NGC 62462400
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CHANDRACHANDRA
NGC 6240NGC 6240 NGC 6240NGC 6240
NGC NGC 62462400 SpecSpectratra
Komossa et al. 2002
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CHANDRACHANDRA
NGC 6240NGC 6240 NGC 6240NGC 6240
NGC NGC 62462400 MoviMoviee
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CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al. 2004
JJETSETSJJETSETS
JetsJets
Siemiginowska et al. 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 4.3
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CHANDRACHANDRA
CCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTHCDF
N
Brandt, Garmire et al. 2003
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CHANDRACHANDRA
Brandt & Hasinger 2004
Optical-X-ray Brightness for Chandra Deep Field Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for Chandra Deep Field Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for Chandra Deep Field Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for Chandra Deep Field Sources
OptiOptical-cal-X-X-ray ray BrigBrightnehtness ss for for CDF CDF SourSources ces
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CHANDRACHANDRA
Silverman et al. 2004
Optical-X-ray Brightness for ChaMP Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for ChaMP Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for ChaMP Sources Optical-X-ray Brightness for ChaMP Sources OptiOptical-cal-X-X-ray ray BrigBrightnehtness ss for for CDF CDF SourSources ces
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CHANDRACHANDRA
CCHANDRAHANDRA (and (and XMM-NXMM-Newton) ewton) VView of iew of AGNAGNss CCHANDRAHANDRA (and (and XMM-NXMM-Newton) ewton) VView of iew of AGNAGNss Chandra (and XMM) View of AGNs
• Black Hole finding machines: x-rays pass through gas and dust - Brandt & Hasinger, Barger et al, Silverman et al, & others
• AGN sky density ~ 7000 per sq deg for CDFs
• Faint x-ray sources diverse - BLAGN, NELG, ALG
• No longer simply Type 1 = broad lines, blue colors, & unobscured Type 2 = narrow lines, red colors, & obscured
- Some BLAGN show x-ray absorption - Some NELG and red BLAGN (2MASS) not absorbed - Optically dull galaxies (Elvis 1981) reincarnated as XBONGs, with no hint from opt lines & colors. Lx as high as 1044 - More absorbed objects (1023-1024) detectable above 5 keV?
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CHANDRACHANDRA
Chandra (and XMM) View of AGNs -2-
CCHANDRAHANDRA (and (and XMM-NXMM-Newton) ewton) VView of iew of AGNAGNssCCHANDRAHANDRA (and (and XMM-NXMM-Newton) ewton) VView of iew of AGNAGNss
• SMBH grow in "anti-hierarchical" way
Most massive (107.5 - 109 Mo) form early and feed often - More frequent mergers and more gas available at high z - High luminosity, BLAGN, & numbers peak at z ~2.5
More moderate (106 - 107.5 Mo) form later and grow more slowly - Less luminous (~100x) & numbers peak at z ~1
• Relevant factors
History of host galaxy, growth of SMBH, & gas supply
(In)efficiency of radiation processes – impact on MBH from Lx
Roles of jets as well as accretion disk
Presence of obscuring torus and viewing geometry
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CHANDRACHANDRA
Chandra (and XMM) View of AGNs -3-
CCHANDRAHANDRA (and (and XMM-NXMM-Newton) ewton) VView of iew of AGNAGNssCCHANDRAHANDRA (and (and XMM-NXMM-Newton) ewton) VView of iew of AGNAGNss
• Relativistically broadened Fe lines (XMM - Streblyanska et al.)
Detected in summed spectra for both BLAGN and NELG
Average abundances 3 times solar
Analyze infalling gas and track black hole spin versus z
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CHANDRACHANDRA
SSEARCHINGEARCHING FOR FOR MMISSINGISSING BBARYONSARYONS IN THEIN THE WHIMWHIMSSEARCHINGEARCHING FOR FOR MMISSINGISSING BBARYONSARYONS IN THEIN THE WHIMWHIM
MKN421
Mkn 421
Nicastro et al. 2004 Nicastro et al. 2004
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CHANDRACHANDRA
MS 0735.6+7421 MS 0735.6+7421 MS 0735.6+7421 MS 0735.6+7421 MS 0735.6+7421
McNamara et al. 2005
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CHANDRACHANDRA
CCHANDRAHANDRA O OBSERVATIONSBSERVATIONS OFOF C CLUSTERSLUSTERS TOTO S STUDYTUDY
DDARKARK M MATTERATTER & D & DARK ARK EENERGYNERGY CCHANDRAHANDRA O OBSERVATIONSBSERVATIONS OFOF C CLUSTERSLUSTERS TOTO S STUDYTUDY
DDARKARK M MATTERATTER & D & DARK ARK EENERGYNERGY Dark Matter
and Dark Energy
Allen et al. 2004
z=0.08 z=0.78z=0.31
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CHANDRACHANDRA
RRATIOATIO OFOF B BARYONICARYONIC TOTO D DARKARK M MATTERATTER VSVS R REDSHIFTEDSHIFTRRATIOATIO OFOF B BARYONICARYONIC TOTO D DARKARK M MATTERATTER VSVS R REDSHIFTEDSHIFTRatio of Baryonic to
Dark Matter vs Redshift
Allen et al. 2004
SCDM Cosmology CDM Cosmology
V
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CHANDRACHANDRA
DDARKARK MMATTERATTER && DDARKARK EENERGYNERGY PPARAMETERSARAMETERSDDARKARK MMATTERATTER && DDARKARK EENERGYNERGY PPARAMETERSARAMETERSDark Matter
and Dark Energy
Parameters
Allen et al. 2004
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CHANDRACHANDRA
XX-RAY-RAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAPXX-RAY-RAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAPX-ray Astronomy Roadmap
First Black Holes & Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee-Taylor Survey & Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
0.1-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
0.1-1.0 m2
0.1 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X
0.1-0.35 m2
0.5-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
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CHANDRACHANDRA
Closing
Slide