Download - Ch07
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Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity
Chapter 7
Great Idea:All observers, no matter what their frame of reference, see the same laws of nature
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Chapter Outline
• Frames of Reference• Special Relativity• General Relativity
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Frames of Reference
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Descriptions in Different Reference Frames
• Coin’s path appears different depending on your frame of reference
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The Principle of Relativity
• Baseball versus light• Einstein’s solution:
– The laws of nature are not the same in all frames of reference
– Maxwell’s equation could be wrong– Our intuitions about the addition of velocities could be wrong
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The Principle of Relativity - cont.
• Principle of relativity– Every observer must experience the same natural laws•Special relativity•General relativity
• The speed of light, c, is the same in all reference frames
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Albert Einstein
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Science in the Making
• Einstein and the streetcar
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Special Relativity
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Time Dilation
• Time Dilation– Moving clock appears to tick more slowly
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Stationary versus Moving Light Clock
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Symbols for Deriving Time Dilation
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The Size of Time Dilation
• Calculation of time dilation– tGG=tMM
– Stationary ground-based observer•tGG=d/c
• Distance traveled by light in 1 tick
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Stationary versusMoving Light Clock
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Distance and Relativity
• Length contraction– Moving object appears shorter
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Spaceship at Rest and at High Speed
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Objects Moving toward You at Different Speeds
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So What About the Train and the Flashlight?
• Addition of velocities– Valid at small velocities– Not valid near speed of light
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Mass and Relativity
• Third consequence– Mass is lowest for stationary objects
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Mass and Relativity –Cont.
• Conclusions:– Nothing moving less than speed of light can be accelerated to or past c
– Object above c cannot be decelerated
– Objects at c have zero rest mass
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Mass and Energy
• Einstein– All objects contain a rest energy
– Mass can be converted to energy and vice versa
2mcE
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General Relativity
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The Nature of Forces
• Gravitational forces and acceleration– Frame of reference
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The Nature of Forces – Cont.
• Newton versus Einstein
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Computer-Generated Image of a Gravity Field
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Predictions of General Relativity
• The gravitational bending of light
• Planetary orbits
• The gravitational redshift
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A Gravitational Lens
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Technology
• Global positioning system and relativity
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Who Can Understand Relativity?
Everyone!!