Ch. 7 Sec. 1
The New Immigrants
New Immigrants vs. Old Immigrants
Old Immigrants
1800-1880
Protestant
Northwestern European (Germany, Britain)
New Immigrants
1891-1910
Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Jewish
Southern and Eastern European; Asian; Middle Eastern
Economic opportunities
Escape religious and political persecution
Coming to America
Railroad and steamship companies lured immigrants to the US under false pretenses so they could make moneyPromised jobs that were not availableCharged low fares to promote travel
Immigrants traveled in steerageCramped, no privacy, little ventilation
Ex: Jack Dawson in Titanic
Arriving in America
Immigrants would be taken to immigration stations when they arrived in America Asia Angel Island in California Europe Ellis Island in New York City
Check in: Physical & mental health exams Background checks Job skills Relatives
Life in the USA
Most immigrants could only find low-paying, unskilled jobs
Lived in close-knit communities, called ghettos, in the slums of the cities Tenement housing
Churches, synagogues, and temples provided community centers Provided sense of belonging, economic assistance, day care,
play areas, classes, clubs, and training courses Benevolent societies also formed
Provided aid in cases of sickness, unemployment, and death Offered educational courses, health care and job assistance,
loans
Immigrants were often pressured to adopt American culture AssimilationYounger generation was more willing to do
so b/c it made it easier to find work
How Did native-born Americans feel about Immigrants?
Viewed as a threatTook jobs and lowered wages for
everyoneBlamed for crime, poverty, violence, and
growing radical political ideas
Speaking Out Against Immigration
Chinese were treated horribly Attacked, killed, homes destroyed Could not own property or work certain jobs
Chinese Exclusion Act Denied citizenship to Chinese-born immigrants and
prohibited immigration of Chinese
Immigration Restriction League Required a literacy test be given to all immigrants Vetoed by Pres. Grover Cleveland
Ch. 7 Sec. 2
The Urban World
Changes to the Cities
Cities began expanding in size because of new technologySize of cities doubled by 1900 with 40% of
people living in cities
WHY DID THIS HAPPEN????Skyscrapers ElevatorsMass transit (trains, subways, trolleys)
Effects of Mass Transportation
Size of cities expanded3 sq. mi. to 20 sq. mi.
People moved to suburbsUpper and middle class
Life of the Upper Class
Nouveau riche = “newly rich” city dwellers
EntrepreneursPracticed conspicuous consumption
Spent money freely so everyone would know they were rich
Houses looked like castlesSome donated money to social causes
Upper Class Women
Women had strict social behavior and etiquette to follow Taught how to
behave in social settings, marriage, and home life
Glorified the role of women as homemakers
Middle-Class Life
Professionals Educated in their
field Doctors, lawyers,
teachers, etc…
Middle-Class Women
Few women in professional jobs
Saleswomen, secretaries, clerical workers
Paid less than men Most married women
stayed at home Book clubs, social clubs,
reform movements
Life of the Lower Class
Immigrants and African AmericansLived in tenements within walking
distance of factoriesStreets filled with garbage and sewagePollution from factoriesIllness and death were common
Reform
Settlement houses were created to help the poor
Offered educational opportunities, skills training, and cultural events
Jane Addams
Founded the Hull House in ChicagoGoals:
Provide education and cultural opportunities Improve living conditionsProvide jobs
She also:Promoted women’s suffrage (right to vote)Awarded Nobel Peace Prize
Janie Porter Barrett
Founded African American settlement house
Locust Street Social Settlement in Hampton, VA
Modeled after Hull House
Helped women
Social Gospel Movement
Developed by Protestant ministers Applied Christian principles to solve
social problemsfought to improve working conditionsCaroline Bartlett established a free
kindergarten, public gym, domestic and industrial classes, meal programs
Chapter 7 Sec. 3
Daily Life in the Cities
Education
To aid urban workers reformers expanded education opportunities
Compulsory education laws passed requiring kids to go to school
Kids in school increased 7 mil. to 15 mil.
Education Reformers
John Dewey created a “Laboratory School” at U. of Chicago focusing on: Cooperative
learning Art History Science
Education Reformers cont...
William Torrey Harris & Elmwood Cubberley believed schools should teach:Proper behaviorCivic loyaltyAmerican cultural values
wanted to push discipline and order so immigrants would know how to behave
Other School Facts
Schools remained segregated Poorly equippedLittle government funding
Created more opportunities for womenCollege enrollment went from 50,000 to
350,000Most upper & middle class
Journalism
1865-1910 newspaper printing went from 500 to 2,600/day & cheap price
Competitive, so they developed new journalistic practicesComic strips, advice columns, sports,
women’s sectionsYellow Journalism
Literature
Increased literacy rates sparked leisure reading
Adventure, city life, Christian principles “What would Jesus Do?” In His Steps by
Charles Sheldon (1896)
Parks
City planners developed parks for leisure time
Frederick Law Olmstead designed Central Park
City Beautiful Movement stressed importance of including parks in city design
Baseball
Invented by Abner Doubleday in 1839 1869 Aaron Champion organized 1st pro team
– Cincinnati Red Stockings National League 1876
William Hulbert created governing body, rules, contracts
1893 1st World Series Pirates vs. Boston Pilgrims
Considered “the national game of the US”
Baseball cont…
African Americans excluded from major league for 60 years
Discrimination towards African Americans led to the creation of own league
1889 Moses “Fleet” Walker- 1st and only African American major league player until Jackie Robinson in 1947
Fleet Walker & Jackie Robinson
Football
Late 1800s in upper class New England schools
Walter Camp helped create rulesNFL formed in 1920
1892 Football team
Basketball
James Naismith created this sport for his students in 1891
Men & Women’s leagues created
Theater
ShakespearePerformed by Edwin BoothAttracted working class because they could
relate to charactersVaudeville (“light play”)
Variety shows
Ragtime
1890s Created by African
American musicians Scott Joplin – “King
of Ragtime”