Ch12.IntrotoOrganicChemistry:Alkanes
Chem30B
WhatisOrganicChemistry?
• OrganicCompounds:Containcarbonasprimarycomponent.(ContainC-Hbond.)§ Biologicalmolecules(proteins,nucleicacids,carbohydrates,lipids)
§ Manymodernmaterials(plasHcs,syntheHcfibers),medicine
• InorganicCompounds:Majoritydonotcontaincarbon(ThosethatcontainClackC-Hbond,eg.CaCO3,CO2.)
OrganicCompounds:WhatisSpecialaboutCarbon?
1. Istetravalent(forms4bonds)
2. Bondsstronglytoitselfthroughcovalent
bonding—thuscanformlongchainsorrings3. BondsstronglytoelectronegaHveelements(like
N,O,andhalogens),toformpolarcovalentbonds
Chloromethane, CH3Cl
OrganicCompounds:WhatisSpecialaboutCarbon?
4. CanformmulHplecovalentbondsbysharingmorethan2electrons(doublebonds,triplebonds)
5. Formscompoundswithspecific3Dshape(Csinglebondsareorientedtoward4cornersoftetrahedron)
*BecauseofthesebondingproperHes,anextraordinarynumberofcarboncompoundsexist!
ComparisonofGeneralProperHes:Organicvs.InorganicIonicCompounds
Organic Inorganic(Ionic)Solubility Mostarenonpolarà
insolubleinwater.Mostaresolubleinwater.
ElectricalConducHvity
Whensolubleinwater,arepoorconductorsofelectricity.
Whensolubleinwater,aregoodconductorsofelectricity.
Physicalstates Canbegas,liquid,orsolidatroomtemp
Allaresolidsatroomtemp
MelHngandBoilingPoints
RelaHvelylow
Veryhigh
Organicvs.InorganicCompounds
NaCl
InorganicIonicCompound• Strongionicbonding
between+and–ions• MelHngpoint:801°C• Boilingpoint:1413°C• Solubilityinwater:Yes
Hexane
OrganicCompound• Covalent(nonpolar)bondingwithinmolecule,but
• WeakLondondispersionforcesbetweenmolecules
• MelHngpoint:-95°C• Boilingpoint:69°C• Solubilityinwater:No
OrganicCompoundFamilies:FuncHonalGroups
FuncHonalgroup:anatomorgroupofatomsresponsibleforthecharacterisHcproperHesandbehaviorofanorganiccompound.AllowsclassificaHonoforganiccompoundsintodisHnctchemicalfamilies.
Probs
SomeOrganicCompoundFamilies
SomeOrganicCompoundFamilies
CategoriesofOrganicCompoundFamilies
(Refer to Handout: Families of Organic Compounds.)
1. Hydrocarbons (contain only carbon and hydrogen): Alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic
2. Single bonds only, carbon bonded to electronegative atom: Alkyl halide, alcohol, ether, amine
3. Carbonyl compounds: Aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, anhydride, ester, amide
4. (Sulfur-containing compounds: thiol, sulfide, disulfide)
Foreachfamily,wewilllearnits…
1. Structure2. Nomenclature3. ReacHons4. Physical/chemicalproperHes
Exprobs