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Ch 10 NOTES (part 1): Photosynthesis in Nature
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10.1 – Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food.
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
● PHOTOSYNTHESIS = the capture of light energy & the conversion of this energy to stored chemical energy (in the form of sugar)
-AUTOTROPHS: “producers”; capable of producing their own food PHOTOAUTOTROPHS: use light energy to synthesize food (e.g. plants)
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● Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, certain other protists, and some prokaryotes
● These organisms feed not only themselves but also the entire living world… thank you plants!
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Plants
Unicellular protist
Multicellular algae Cyanobacteria
Purple sulfurbacteria
10 µm
1.5 µm
40 µm
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● HETEROTROPHS: “consumers”; live on compounds produced by other organisms
-animals that eat plants or other animals
● Almost all heterotrophs, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food and oxygen
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**some heterotrophs are:
-decomposers: live on dead matter
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Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants
● Leaves are the major locations of photosynthesis
● Their green color is from CHLOROPHYLL, the green pigment within chloroplasts
● Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll drives the synthesis of organic molecules in the chloroplast
● Through microscopic pores called STOMATA, CO2 enters the leaf and O2 exits
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CHLOROPLASTS:
● organelles in which photosynthesis occurs● found primarily in leaves (about 500,000
per mm2)
● contain green pigment CHLOROPHYLL
(absorbs light energy)
● found mainly in mesophyll (tissue inside leaf)● a typical mesophyll cell has 30-40
chloroplasts
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Leaf cross sectionVein
Mesophyll
Stomata CO2O2
Mesophyll cellChloroplast
5 µm
Outermembrane
Intermembranespace
Innermembrane
Thylakoidspace
Thylakoid
GranumStroma
1 µm
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● CO2 enters and O2
leaves through
STOMATA
● water is delivered to
leaves from the roots
via veins
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CHLOROPLAST:
● enclosed by 2 membranes
● STROMA = fluid within the chloroplast
● THYLAKOID MEMBRANES are
interconnected & contain the thylakoid space,
or lumen (are usually in stacked columns
called GRANA)
● chlorophyll is stored in the thylakoid
membranes
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PATHWAYS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
● TOTAL equation for photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 12H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O energy
● NET EQUATION: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
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The Splitting of Water
● Chloroplasts split water into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules
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Reactants:
Products:
6 CO2 12 H2O
C6H12O6 6 H2O 6 O2
Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis:
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Photosynthesis as a Redox Process
● Photosynthesis is a redox process in which water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced
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● like respiration, photosynthesis is a series of redox reactions…BUT, the electron flow is reversed!…the electrons increase in potential energy as they move from water sugar… an uphill process!
(the required energy boost comes from light energy)
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Two Stages of Photosynthesis: 1) the LIGHT REACTIONS
2) the CALVIN CYCLE (a.k.a. the “dark reactions”
or light-independent
reactions)
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The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview
● Photosynthesis consists of the light reactions (the photo part) and the Calvin cycle (the synthesis part)
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LIGHT REACTIONS:
● convert solar energy chemical energy
● light is absorbed by chlorophyll and drives a transfer of electrons and H from water to an acceptor called: NADP+
● water is split and O2 is produced as a “waste
product”
● NADP+ is reduced to NADPH…ALSO, ATP is generated via phosphorylation of ADP
(photophosphorylation!)
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CALVIN CYCLE:
● CO2 from air is incorporated into organic
molecules by carbon fixation
● NADPH and ATP from the light reactions power the production of sugar
● also called: the “dark” reactions or light-independent reaction
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Locations of the Photosynthesis Reactions:
● Light reactions occur in the THYLAKOIDS
● Calvin cycle occurs in the STROMA
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H2O
LIGHTREACTIONS
Chloroplast
Light
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H2O
LIGHTREACTIONS
Chloroplast
Light
ATP
NADPH
O2
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H2O
LIGHTREACTIONS
Chloroplast
Light
ATP
NADPH
O2
NADP+
CO2
ADPP+ i
CALVINCYCLE
[CH2O](sugar)