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Cell Structure & Cell Structure & FunctionFunction
Cell Structure & Cell Structure & FunctionFunction
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The Cell• The cell is the smallest unit of life
that can carry out life processes.
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Section 2 Introduction to CellsChapter 4
Cellular Organization
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Discoveries Leading to The Cell Theory
• Robert Hooke – 1665 -observed cork through a light microscope.
• Anton Van Leewenhoek – 1675 -observed LIVING cells.
• Theodor Schwann – 1839 –animals are made of cells
• Rudolf Virchow – 1855 – all cells come from other cells.
• Matthias Schleiden – 1883 –plants are made of cells.
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The Cell TheoryThe cell theory states that: •all living organisms are made of one or more cells•cells are the basic units of structure and function •cells come only from pre-existing cells
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Prokaryotic Cell• Prokaryotic-• Do not have a
nucleus • Do not have
internal membrane-bound structures– Most unicellular
organisms are prokaryotes.
– Bacteria
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Eukaryotic Cell• Eukaryotic-• Has a nucleus • Has internal
membrane-bound structures– Most multicellular
organisms are eukaryotes.
– Yeast and algae (unicellular, eukaryotes)
– Plant and animal
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Cilia and Flagella• Aid in movement
and feeding• Composed of
microtubules• Cilia-short,
numerous hair-like projections that move in a wavelike motion
• Flagella-long, whip-like projections
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Organelles• “little organs”• Specialized parts within a cell that
has a specific function
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• Cytoplasm – • Gel like material
that protects, supports and suspends organelles.
Features Common to Cells:
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Features Common to Cells:
• Cell membrane – Semi-permeable • Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
This helps to maintain cellular homeostasis.
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Structure of the Plasma Membrane
• Phospholipid Bilayer -2 layers ofphospholipids.
• Phospholipid- phosphate head attached to two lipids (fattyacid tails).
• Polar phosphate group allows membrane to interact with its environment.
• Fatty acid tails create a water-insoluble layer in the middle which is non-polar. • Fluid mosaic model-
membrane is flexible• Cholesterol-keeps fatty acid
tails from sticking together• Transport proteins-allow
needed substances to move through the membrane
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Chapter 4Parts of the Cell
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Nucleus• “Command
center”• Contains genetic
material: – Chromosomes– DNA
• Nucleolus-makes ribosomes– Ribosomes-site
where proteins are made
• Can be found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Series of folded membranes allow a large amount of work to be done in a small amount of space
• Transportation unit for the cell
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)– Ribosomes attached– Protein synthesis
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)– No ribosomes– Produce and
store lipids
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Golgi ApparatusVesicles
• Flattened tubular membranes
• Packaging plant• Modify, sort,
package, and transport proteins throughout the cell
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VACUOLES• Storage areas
Temporary storage of materials– Store food,
enzymes, waste, water
• Plant cells have one large vacuole.
• Animal cells have many small vesicles.
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LYSOSOMES• Contain digestive
enzymes• Digest excess or
worn organelles, food particles, viruses, and bacteria
• Surrounded by membrane that prevents it from destroying the cell
• Can burst causing cell death
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Chapter 4Mitochondria• converts food into energy• Cell “Powerhouse”• Number of mitochondria depends upon the
function of the cell– Ex: muscles cells have more mitochondria than
fat cells
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Centriole
• Help with cell reproduction
• Only found in animal cells
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Chloroplast
Located in plant cells, some bacteria, and protists.
• Capture light energy to produce and store food• Contain chlorophyll-green pigment that traps
light energy
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• Cytoskeleton – tiny fibers that give structure and support to the cell.
Features Common to Cells:
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Cell wall• Rigid outer
covering PLANT CELLS
• Located outside the cell membrane
• Provides support and protection
• Helps produce turgor pressure
•
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Animal Cell
Plant Cell
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Plant cell vs. Animal Cell
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Plant vs. Animal CellsPlant
• Has chloroplasts• Large central vacuole• Has cell wall• No centrioles
Animal• No chloroplasts or cell
wall• Small vacuoles• Has centrioles