![Page 1: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Biology 17Cell Biology 17- Organelle 1- Organelle 1stst
Cell Biology 17Cell Biology 17- Organelle 1- Organelle 1stst
Sung Youn Lee, PhD. StudentSung Youn Lee, PhD. StudentVeterinary collage, Room 320Veterinary collage, Room 32002 450 3719, 016 293 605902 450 3719, 016 293 6059
[email protected]@paran.com
![Page 2: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The cell nucleus
![Page 3: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Nuclear envelope• Nearly all of the cellular DNA in the nucleus in eukaryotic cell.• Bilayer :
– Inner membrane : contact with a meshwork of intermediate filament, the nuclear lamina
– Outer membrane : contiguous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
– Periplasmic space : between the inner and outer membranes• Components :
– DNA– RNA– Nuclear proteins (structural proteins, DNA and RNA polymerase, RNA-pro
cessing proteins, histones, and gene regulatory proteins) are synthesized in the cytoplasm on free ribosomes and are brought into the nuclear compartment.
• Nuclear pore : continues
![Page 4: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Nuclear pore• Ions and small molecules (9nm diameter (<60kDa))
can pass through it. ==> prevent bulk exchage• 60kDa < nuclear protein ==> selective transport ac
ross the nuclear membrane, receptor mediated process
• Ex1, nucleoplasmin, 165-kDa, in frog oocyte nuclei– EM labeled with gold particle– COOH-terminal region (signal peptide)– ATP dependent
• Multistep pathway – GTP mediated
![Page 8: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Structural protein of nuclear lamina &
matrix• 10nm filament --> square latticework• Lamin A• Lamin B – membrane-binding sequence, isoprenyl gro
up which allows membrane lipid attachment• Lamin C• Gene, alternative splicing (A,C) and distinct gene (B)• The biochemical function of the nuclear matrix is uncl
ear. – heterogenous nuclear RNA(hnRNA) are enriched in nuclear matrix --> RNAs don’t diffuse within nucleoplasm and they are bound to nuclear matrix as they are spliced to be mature form
![Page 13: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1-condensation of chromosome2-breakdown of nuclear envelope
Lamin kinase-->Lamin A,B,C phosphorylate-->depolymerisation of nuclear lamina
Lamin B remains associated with nuclear envelopeLamin A & C are dispersed within theprometaphase cell.
![Page 14: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Genome• Nucleus contains almost all of the genetic informa
tion of the cell in the form of DNA.• The total genetic information stored within the chr
omosome --> genome• 3 functional domains
– Origin : point of initiation– Kinetochore : attachment for mitotic spindle– Telomere : maintenance of chromosomal structure, CG r
epeats enriched• Chromatin : DNA + Protein (histone+nonhistone pr
otein)
![Page 15: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Right handed corner= sex chromosome
![Page 17: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Chromosomal protein
• Histone protein – only in eukaryotic cell– The most abundant protein– rich (+) charge arginine & lysine, so can bind to (-) char
ged DNA– 5 types histones ; H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 --> nucle
osomal histones ; formation of nucleosome• Nonhistone protein
– Structural protein (HMG), regulatory protein (Fos, Myc), Enzymes (RNA & DNA polymerase)
![Page 21: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Chromatin• Heterochromatin
– Highly condense– Transcriptionally inactive – Little heterochromatin is present in transcriptionally acti
ve cell (spermatozoa). – Lacated periphery and around nucleolus
• Euchromatin– More extended dispersed conformation– Transcriptionally active– Providing RNA molecules
![Page 22: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Nucleolus• Dense nuclear organelle• Function ; Production of ribosomal subunits• 4 distinct regions
– Pale-staining fibrillar center / Dense fibrillar core or center(ribosomal gene transcription) / Granular region (assemble rRNAs with proteins) / Nuclear matrix
• The size and shape of nucleolus is dependent on its activity. – Cell, that synthesizing large amount of proteins, has the nuc
leolus may occupy up to 25% of the total nuclear volume.
![Page 26: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Organelles involved in macromolecular
synthesis and turnover
![Page 30: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ribosomes• Ribosomes serve as catalysts of protein synthesis.• Small subunit (40S) and Large subunit (60S) form an
80S ribosome.• Membrane bound or free• Proteins synthesized at membrane bound ribosome
s ; integral transmembrane proteins, ER, Golgi complex, endosomal, lysosomal and secretory proteins
• Proteins synthesized at free ribosomes ; cytosolic proteins, peropheral membrane proteins, some nucleus proteins, mitochondria and peroxisomes.
![Page 31: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Protein targeting1. Most transmembrane proteins and membrane lipids are sy
nthesized within the ER.2. The targeting of membrane proteins to specific sites such
as the ER, Golgi, lysosomes, or plasma membrane requires specific signal sequence within newly synthesized protein.
3. Default pathway : -ER associated ribosome ; ER --> Golgi --> secretory vesicles --> cell su
rface-free ribosome ; ribosome --> cytosol
4. To avoid a constantly increasing plasma membrane surface area, membrane is recycled by endocytosis.
![Page 32: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Protein targeting• Pulse-Chase experiment
Radioactive amino acid [3H]leucine
pulse chase
![Page 34: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Endoplasmic reticulum
• RER and SER• Except skeletal muscle, SER is continuous with the
RER. SER is referred to as the transitional elements. (buds off, vesicle, to Golgi apparatus)
• 50% of the total cellular membrane• Function
– Protein synthesis ; RER– Lipid synthesis ; RER and SER, phospholipids steroids, trigl
yceride– Detoxification ; cytochrome P450 electron transfer chain
![Page 35: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Signal peptides
BIP ; binding proteinIn ER lumen, BIP binds to unfold protein andcatalyst protein folding
16~30 amino acids
Signal peptidase
![Page 37: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Integral membrane protein
• Simple case(A); 20-30 hydrophobic amino acids in its NH2 terminal and it is not cleaved by signal peptidase / -COOH terminal is on the lumen
• Slightly more complicated case(B,C) ; two mechanism– Cleaved peptide on lumen– Similar to the mechanism of peptide into lumen
![Page 38: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Into lumen – 內로 유도만함Intergral – 內 外
![Page 39: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
GlycosylationN-linked O-linked
Sugar bind Asn-NH2 Serine-OHThreonine-OH
Where? ER Golgi apparatusHow? 14-sugar and One-by-one
trime
![Page 40: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Long-chain unsaturated hydrocarbon
![Page 41: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol anchors
![Page 43: Cell Biology 17 - Organelle 1 st Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 leevet@paran.com](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf05503460f949c0027/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Thank you for your attention ~Thank you for your attention ~