CCS past present and futureCCS past present and future
Professor Stuart HaszeldineSCCS
University of Edinburgh
RSC, Edinburgh 22 July 2015
Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage
Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LATelephone +44 (0)131 650 0270 www.sccs.org.uk
g y
CO2 : discovered in Scotland Old College 2011Old College 2011
Joseph Black was a student atstudent at Edinburgh from 1752-54
Original lab glassware discovered by Then taught in
Glasgow, and was Edinburgh
discovered by excavation in 2011. Now in
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Edinburgh Professor of Chemistry in 1766
Royal Scottish Museum
WHY CCS ?
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Carbon embedded in electricity is constant
IEA 2015Tracking Clean Energy Progress Fig 2.2
Power sector (all sources) has not decarbonised at all since 1990.Growth in Renewables and Efficiency has matched the increased global demand
i l ik l 6 C i
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Progress is very slow. Likely 4 to 6 C warmingCCS not needed to prevent 2C, but to reduce 4C 6C
Avoiding a carbon bubble1 tonne CO2 out = 1 tonne CO2 in
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Faster fossil carbon extraction now ≠ Mitigation later ….
What does CCS do ?
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UK is a fossil carbon state, ALL-energy RES
Many large EUMany large EU industrial States need a carbon
storage solution
27% EU target for 2030
UK NL BE DE PL 13-18 %
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What does CCS look like ?look like ?
expensive
FINANCE
t iuncertain
CONFIDENCE
90% CO2 reduction on site75% along whole chain
Geological CO2 storage
CO2 storage is geologically secure
Eiffel Tower: 325mgeologically secure(millions of years)
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CO2 capture and storage since 1996 : Sleipners ce 996 S e p e
1 Mt CO /1 Mt CO2 / yr
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Recent examples : Learning for CCS
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Full-scale full chain CCS projectsBoundary Dam, Sask.Boundary Dam, Sask. Texas Clean Energy Project, Texas Clean Energy Project, TxTx..
PostPost--combustion aminecombustion amine110MW, 1Mt/110MW, 1Mt/yryr, 2, 2ndnd Oct 2014Oct 2014
IGCC coal + EORIGCC coal + EOR245MW, 2245MW, 2--3Mt/3Mt/yryr, by 2017, by 2017
Kemper County, Miss.Kemper County, Miss. QUEST, Alb.QUEST, Alb.
IGCC coal + EORIGCC coal + EOR Heavy oil HHeavy oil H22 upgraderupgrader
IGCC coal EORIGCC coal EOR582 MW, 3.5 Mt/582 MW, 3.5 Mt/yryr, May 2015, May 2015
yy 22 pgpg1.1Mt/1.1Mt/yryr, Late 2015, Late 2015
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Industry: Vacuum swing, Port Arthur, Texas
Air Products 2 x units vacuum swing solid adsorbtion, 90% capture, 97% purity, 1 Mt CO2/yr 159km pipe to Hastings field EOR 1 6 3 Mbbl/yr
Operating 2013 steam reformer for H2
1 Mt CO2/yr 159km pipe to Hastings field EOR 1.6 – 3 Mbbl/yr. 28 MWe steam and operations. Upscale potential 56 Mt CO2/yr in USA
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Operating 2013, steam reformer for H2 Embedded in Valero refinery
Power: new oxycombustion: Drax White Rose
Drax coal8 % UK electricity
448 MW new coal and biomass. Alstom Oxy-combustion power plantProducing 2 Mt CO2 / yr new pipe, to aquifer dome storageC tl UK l t l t 5% CO2 St t > 2018 i l 2023
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Currently UK largest plant, 5% CO2. Start > 2018, commercial 2023Storage undergoing initial drilling 2013, 70 km offshore
Capture layout next to Drax
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www.whiteroseccs.co.uk
Oxycombustion
www.whiteroseccs.co.uk
Upscaled Air Separation technology
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Upscaled Air Separation technologyNew, multiple and large oxy – boiler, burner, heater
Post-combustion amine CCS – in Scotland
2 750 tonnes CO / day
Peterhead to Goldeneye will capture 1 M tonnes CO2/ yr from 2018
2,750 tonnes CO2 / day
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Peterhead to Goldeneye will capture 1 M tonnes CO2/ yr from 2018First CCS in the world on gas-fuelled power plant
Peterhead: overview– World First first full-scale– World First first full-scale
CCS project on a gas-based power station
– Where capture at Peterhead Power Station; storage in depleted Goldeneye gas
Goldeneye Platform
p y greservoir (100 KM offshore)
– Impact 10 million tonnes of CO captured over a 10 to 15CO2 captured over a 10 to 15-year period (90% CO2 capture from one turbine)
St Fergus Terminal
– Funding UK Government support for both capital & operating expenses
g
Peterhead Power Stationp g p– Technology Cansolv post-
combustion capture using upgraded amines
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upgraded amines
Peterhead : Onshore capture and compression refit
bCO2 pipe to subsea
capture
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UK CCS : Peterhead - Capture• Cansolv post-combustion
• Own-brand di-amine
• Removes 90% CO2At 3.5% – 25% concn.
16-18% penalty
•SO2 reduce to 10-20 ppm•NO2 reduced
• Shenzhen, then Beijing 2004 B d D 20142004, Boundary Dam 2014
Post combustion amineEvolved from refinery and petrochemicals
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Tested at power plantScale-up 20x to 3,300 tCO2/day, Boundary Dam Sk
Platform, reservoir and multiple seal
Unstaffed
Reservoir: 3km
modelling, g,geochemistry, retention and leak scenarios,
BACKUP All situationsAll situations
examined with mitigation
3 seal layers,
Reservoir
y ,CO2 lateral movement
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BUILD 2016 –operate 2019
UK industry CCS, d E h d Oil Rand Enhanced Oil Recovery
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UK plans “Phase II” after first two projects
1km+
Research, development and innovationChapter 14
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1km+
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ccs-policy-scoping-document
Tees-side ; UK’s largest complex
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Existing 5 Mt CO2/yr. Possible 50 Mt /yr. Low cost capture. Local network. Needs new pipe offshore to storage or EOR. Operating 2024 …
INDUSTRY IN SCOTLAND
Keeping C intensive industry d 9 / CO2 l
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– needs 9 Mt/yr CO2 cleanup
Industry capture : through existing pipelinesEDINBURGH/ GRANGEMOUTH ABERDEEN
Feeder 10 : 3.8 Mt/yr Captain Clean AND 3.5 Mt/yr CO2Feeder 10 : 3.8 Mt/yr Captain Clean AND 3.5 Mt/yr CO2West Lothian St Fergus
EDINBURGH/ GRANGEMOUTH ABERDEEN
Fife Ethylene Plant, 0 6 Mt/yr
CHP Grangem’th Refinery 0 5 Mt/yr
Grangemouth Refinery 0 5 Mt/yr
Total3.0
Total3.0 0.6 Mt/yr Refinery, 0.5 Mt/yr Refinery, 0.5 Mt/yr
Kinneil oil terminal,
Mt CO2 / yr
Mt CO2 / yrKinneil oil terminal,
0.5 Mt/yr/ yr/ yr
Fife NGL Plant, 0.1 Mt/yr
CHP Grangem’th Chems, 0.5 Mt/yr
Grangemouth Chems, 0.3 Mt/yr
D b i 20% f S tti h GHG i i 13 5 Mt/ CO2 b 2021
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Decarbonises 20% of Scottish GHG emissions 13.5 Mt/y CO2 by 2021Now eligible for Energy Union 2030 Innovation Fund support ?
New Gasifier IGCC coal : Summit PowerCaptain sandstone Primary CO2
formation for added storage if needed
Injection for EOR Hub Development
Drives incremental 30,000 bopd of oil recovery, or 330 million barrels over CCEP’s 30 year plant life,
plus added amounts from other sources Existing offshore pipelines +
new Peterhead pipeline
CO2 store starts at Goldeneye Field
proven by Peterhead
Existing Feeder 10 pipeline
new Peterhead pipeline
Peterhead creates St Fergus as CO2 hub imports UK and UE
pipelineLinking central Scotland
and the central North Sea
CCEP #1: 570MW Plant at Grangemouth
CCEP #2: Another power plant
Second of a kind IGCC Power Plant (After TCEP)
and/or industrial CO2 sources in Central Scotland to fill Feeder 10 to
capacity
with 90+% carbon capture3.8MT/yr – no pollutants
Phase 2: Integrated coal Gasification and CCS. Makes heat, H2, chemicals ….
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Phase 2: Integrated coal Gasification and CCS. Makes heat, H2, chemicals …. And electricity. Proven storage at Goldeneye provides confidence.
Phase 3: Follow-on is 3.8Mt CO2/yr – enables EOR and reduced carbon
Gasification of solid organic fuels
Capture : Rectisol cold methanol 400-1000 psi
• Siemens gasification technology proven in Germany before Siemens bought the technology and scaled it up, with numerous sales in Canada, the U.S., and China, where the gasifiers are already operating in chemical production facilities;• air separation technology is mature and widely used for commercial• air separation technology is mature and widely used for commercial production of pure gas from the atmospheric constituents of air;• Linde Rectisol® gas cleanup process that removes acid gases like sulfur dioxide and captures the carbon dioxide has been deployed and used internationally for
EOR ?
decades;• power island is a state-of-the-art Siemens F-class combustion turbine matched with a steam turbine in combined cycle operation, identical to a natural gas combined cycle power island Modifications include special combustion turbine
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Summit Power, Grangemouth 2014
combined cycle power island. Modifications, include special combustion turbine gas-firing nozzles for the low-carbon, high-hydrogen syngas fuel
CO2-EOR
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EOR could provide additional incomereduces electricity selling pricereduces electricity selling price
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Summit Power, Grangemouth 2014
CO2-EOR stores carbonP CO i j tiGreen Oil
UK (Forties) 24
Pure CO2 injectionGreen Oil
Saudi 40
CO2EOR 54 - 60Blue/Red
US domestic 56
2Oil
Mexico 82
CTL 113
Reduced venting/flaring
CO2EOR 129 - 135All values in kgCO2e/bblData from (Mangmeechai, 2009)
Black Oil
CO2-EOR can produce extra oil with less carbon cost than more “difficult” oil
If CO2 EOR f ll d b CO2 di l t d Chttp://www.sccs.org.uk/exp
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If CO2-EOR followed by CO2 disposal stored CRapid CO2 storage with Profit
ertise/reports/sccs-co2-eor-joint-industry-project
CCS f Ai CCCS next future : Air Capture
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Air capture
Carbon engineering, Calgary
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Fisher Tropsch diesel – Audi (De)
Turning wind power into hydrocarbonhydrocarbon ….
CO2 (air) COCO + H2 (water) Blue Diesel
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CO + H2 (water) Blue Diesel€ 1.50 / litre (no tax)
Air Capture: Carbon Cycle Ltd (UK)
Solid absorbents. Very low energy penaltyPilot plant exists
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Scale up 2017 – air or industry capture
Making CCS work, and how long …. ?
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Global : storage ready ?
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Global: project pipeline
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Good progress to 2020, then …. STOP. Need to plan Now
UK “triple lock” on CCS development1) Contract for Difference – pays OPEX Government guarantees generator a price funded1) Contract for Difference – pays OPEX, Government guarantees generator a price, funded by consumers, and generator may pay back. Can be short (hourly), or long (annual)
Payment to electricity generator
2) Emissions Performance standard: stipulated kg CO2 /kW hr power
3) Carbon floor price – determines extra tax on fossil fuel for energy. Makes coal same price as gas kg CO2 /kW hr power p g
Triple tension: Generator, Government(s), RegulatorCheck: Levy Control Framework
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Check: Levy Control Framework. Total subsidy payment allocated across all energy technologies by Treasury
What does £ 1Bn buy ?
• 50% shares in 2 CCS projects and £3 Bn OPEX liabilityy
• 1 year of 22,000 secondary school teachers
• 40 new secondary schools
• 2 new big hospitals• 2 new big hospitals
• 1 nuclear submarine power plant
• 3 days of the UK NHS
• 125 miles of railway electrification
Since 2007, the UK has allocated £1 Bn to fund CCS CAPEX
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By 2015, spent £ 4 x FEED engineering studies = £150 M And spent £125 M on R & D. Will £900 M remaining fund 2 x CCS projects ?
Learning rates – fast start, but expect decades
CCS
CCS
2015 2050
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CCS originally projected to be un-precedented rapid growth. LOST 10 yearsNOW requires : Laws, targets, OPEX funds, projects, cost reduction, knowledge share
Cost curve: develop CCS early for long term value
First appearance of technologies, controlled by carbon price / tonne CO2 e
CCS d £40 80 / 10 15 l d i i i
ETI Clarke 2013 Scottish Oil Club
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CCS needs £40 - 80 /tonne. 10-15 year lead-in time + persistenceIf CCS not developed, then 2.5x more expensive RES
CCS = climate insuranceL f h 1 10 000 ( l k l h )Loss of house 1 : 10,000 per year (0.01% likely to happen)
cost to household £ 700 per year
Global change 4 5 (80% lik l t h )Global change 4 : 5 more than 2C by 2050 (80% likely to happen) cost to household £ 200 per year
(for all UK fossil electricity CCS)
C t b kCosts can be known : Price comparison website ….UK Electricity with coal + gas (+ £200) = 100% RES Electricity
CCS is not optional.It is essential for the campaign to reduce global change
It is essential for the campaign to reduce global change CCS needs to be enabled for action – then States and markets will decide
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Conclusion: UK CCS – ready to go… almostNOW
Legal & storageLegal & storage
• Capture, Transport, Storage all exist
• Expense high per tonne, needs chemistry R & D
• Needs serial build learning storage claim
storage claim
l
• Needs serial build learning
• Government persistence ?
RegulationRegulationInvestors finance
b i
Investors finance
b i
Politics→ Confidence→
Demand→ businessbusinessDemand→Profit→
NEEDNEED
• Follow through UK projects
• EU action global sharing
ScienceScienceTechnologyTechnology
• EU action, global sharing
• Reliable decarbonisation plans
• Mandate on carbon storage
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END
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