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Lance BaumgardJacobson Professor
Department of Animal Science
Causes of leaky gut and the metabolic and production consequences of it
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Heat Stress Hind Gut AcidosisTransition PeriodFeed Restriction
Leaky Gut
Metabolic Response Endocrine ResponseImmuno-metabolic Response
Production
Baumgard Research Group Priorities: Ruminants and Pigs
Mycotoxins
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Blood stream
Submucosa
Lumen
TLR4
TJs
NFĸB
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Heat Stress (HS) is Not a Fever
When ambient temperature approaches body temperature, cooling mechanisms are impaired.
Fever vs. Hyperthermia
Key Biological Differences
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Heat Stress: Animal Agriculture
Industry Loss
American Dairy Industry $1.5 billion
American Swine Industry >$900 million annually(St-Pierre et al., 2003 J. Dairy Sci. E52-E77)
Grow - Finishing $450 million/year(Dr. Steve Pollmann)
Sow - Repro $450 million/year(Dr. Steve Pollmann)
Almost double the economic impact of PRRS
Largest impediment tofood security: Chinese Government
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HS will Become More an Issue in the Future if:
Climate change continues as predicted Genetic selection continues to emphasis heat
generating processes Lean tissue accretion Increased muscle mass increases basal heat
production Piglets/litterGestational heat Lactation heat
Increased basal heat increases susceptibility to heat stress
Baumgard and Rhoads, 2013
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Heat Stress and Industry Issues Don’t “finish” Increased variability in market weight Packing issues with “seam fat”/“flimsy fat”/”watery fat” Seasonal infertility
Wean to estrous; Failure to express estrous; Conception rate Failure to maintain pregnancy… “slipped liters”
Mortality Especially late gestation
The pig with the biggest investment
Farrowing parameters Pigs born alive, birth weight, weaning weight
Decreased Efficiency Feed (gross feed efficiency vs. carcass efficiency vs lean tissue accretion efficiency)
Production/Facility/Barn (decreased market weights or increased time to market weight)
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Heat Stress and Production
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Heat Stress Increases Lipid and Decreases Carcass Lean Content
Pigs Close et al., 1971; Verstegen et al., 1978; Stahly et al., 1979;
Heath, 1983, 1989; Bridges et al., 1998; Collin et al., 2001
Chickens Geraert et al., 1996; Yunianto et al., 1997
Rodents Schmidt and Widdowson, 1967; Katsumata et al., 1990
But, normally growing animals on a restricted-diet prioritize lean tissue accretion and deemphasize fat synthesis (Le Dividich et al., 1980; Oresanya et al., 2008)
Heat Stress alters the nutrient partitioning hierarchy
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Pig Heat Stress Experiments
Utilized pair-feeding model
Eliminates the confounding effect of dissimilar feed intake
Need to appreciate the difference between direct and indirect effects of heat stress in order to develop mitigation strategies.
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Daily Feed Intake
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
kg
Day
TN
HS
PFTN46% Decrease
Pearce et al., 2013
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Pigs: Change in Body Weight
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
9
7
kg
Day
TN
HS
PFTN
a
b
c
P<0.01
Pearce et al., 2013
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Plasma Insulin Variables
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
AU
Day
Trt*Day P < 0.01
C-peptide
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
AU
Day
Trt*Day P = 0.03
Insulin
Sanz-Fernandez et al., 2013
Increased insulin is a metabolic paradox???
Heat stress is catabolic and insulin is a potent anabolic hormone
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Gastro-Intestinal Tract Review
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Reminder: Intestinal Functions
GIT is a tube running from the mouth to the anus Everything inside of the tube is technically “outside” of
the body
Digest and absorb nutrients GIT lumen is a inhospitable environment
Prevent parasites, pathogens, enzymes, acids, toxins etc.. From infiltrating “self” Barrier function
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Lungs
GIT
~50X
~150 X
Skin~2 m2
Human GIT Surface Area:
That’s an enormous amount of area to “defend”!
No wonder 70% of the immune system resides in GIT
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Etiology of Heat Stress Symptoms
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Etiology of Heat Stress
(Intestine, Hepatic, Renal, Endothelium, Brain, Muscle, Heart)
Heat Storage
Cytokine Release (IL-1,IL-6,IL-10, TNF)NO
Ischemia, ROS & RNS
Cardiovascular Responses
Skin Dilates
GutConstricts
Muscle Dilates
Increased Intestine
Permeability
Endotoxemia
DeathApoptosisNecrosis
Cell Heat Shock & Ischemia
Heat StrokeCNS & multi-organ damage via
fever, shock, hemorrhage,stroke & muscle breakdown
InjuryInflammation
Sawka & Young Adv. Exerc. Physiol 2006
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Blood stream
Submucosa
Lumen
ActinMyosin
MLCK
MLCK
IkB
P
P65P60NFkB
TLR
4
PGE2TNFαIL-1βIL-16INFᵞAPP
Healthy TJs
TJs
Compromised TJs
Hypoxia
HIF-1α
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LPS
Gut Lumen
LPS/LBP
Complex
LBP
Portal Circulation
Immune
Cell
TL
R4
Liver
↑ Inflammatory response↑ Acute Phase Proteins:
•Serum Amyloid A•Haptoglobin•LBP
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Heat Stress and Gut Health
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS_ causes liver damage Impairs gluconeogenesis capability Impair ability to export VLDL (fatty liver)
LPS stimulates the immune system and inflammatory cytokine production TNF, IL-1 etc.. Reduced appetite Stimulates fever Causes muscle breakdown Induces lethargy ....reduces productivity
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Intestinal Morphology
Thermal Neutral Heat Stress Pair-fed
Pearce et al., 2013
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Plasma LPS & LBP
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
0 2 4 6 12
Seru
m E
nd
oto
xin
, AUP
lasm
a L
BP
, u
g/m
L
Time of heat stress (h)
LBP Endotoxina
b b
bc
c
x
xyxy
y
z
Pearce et al., 2013
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Feed Restriction or Out of Feed Events and Gut Health
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12 hours of feed restriction (40% of ad libitum intake) causes leaky gut in the pig
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
12 TN 12 PF 12 HS 12 HS-Zn
Seru
m E
nd
otx
on
, A
U
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
12 TN 12 PF 12 HS 12 HS-Zn
ug
/ml
a
b
b,c
a,c
a
a,b
b
aLipopolysaccharide (LPS) LPS-BP
Pearce et al., 201512 TN: 12 hours of thermal neutral ad libitum fed conditions12 PF: 12 hours of pair-feeding in thermal neutral conditions12 HS: 12 hours of heat stress and ad libitum feed intake12 HS-Zn: 12 hours of heat stress and fed Availa-Zn
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The GIT is enervated by both the CNS and ENS
https://www.lumennatura.com/2013/01/30/study-craniosacral-therapy-and-the-digestive-system/
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http://gut.bmj.com/content/65/1/155
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Why does heat stress and leaky gut increase insulin??
Why increase the most anabolic hormone during a hypercatabolic condition?
Direct or Indirect effects?
Indirect: associated/caused by heat compromised gastrointestinal track barrier function?
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0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Insu
lin C
on
cen
trat
ion
(n
g/m
L)
Glu
cose
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
mg/
dL)
Time (min)
I.V. LPS Challenge to Pigs
Glucose
Tr
Insulin
101.8˚F
103.2˚FInsulin
Baumgard unpublished
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Professor Otto Warburg
First recognized the unique metabolism of cancer cells (1927) Large glucose consumers Switch from oxidative phosphorylation aerobic glycolysis 1931 Noble Prize
Also observed activated lymphocytes become highly glycolytic (1958)
Mentored Hans Krebs
Drinking buddy with Albert Einstein
Translation: “Metabolism of “Leukocytes
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GLU GLUGLUGLUResting Immune Cell Activated
Immune Cell
G-6-P
Pyr Pyr
TCA
ETCATPATP
GLU
G-6-P
Pyr Pyr
TCA
ETC
LPS
Lac
ATPATP
Lac
Shouse and Baumgard, 2017
Warburg Effect
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How much glucose is the entire body using??
80 years later and we still not know how much glucose the immune system needs in vivo?
Prerequisite for developing mitigation strategies
What’s the Problem?: Dynamic and ubiquitous distribution of the
immune system throughout tissues Allows for quasi tissue/organ quantification but…. Complicates whole-body quantification
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LPS Challenge & Blood Glucose
LPS
Bolus
Glu
cose
Time
> immune system utilization
Immune system glucose utilization >
Hepatic Glucose output &Peripheral Insulin Resistance
Hepatic Glucose output &Peripheral Insulin Resistance
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LPS Challenge & Blood Glucose
LPS
Bolus
Glu
cose
Time
Can we quantify this amount of glucose?
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Stoakes et al., 2015
LPS-euglycemic Clamp: Pigs
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600 g glucose/day!
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8.4 Mcal of energy!
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Practical Implications: Growth
Immune System Glucose: ~1000 g/d 1000 g of CHO x 4.1 kcal/g = 4,100 kcal
Protein synthesis: 10 kcal/g (Patience, 2012)
4,100 kcal ÷ 10 kcal/g = 410 g of protein
410 g PTN ÷ ~30% dm = ~1,366 g of lean tissue
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Conserved Response
Species: Immune glucose utilization Steers: 1.0 g/kg BW0.75/h (Kvidera et al., 2016)
Pigs: 1.1 g/kg BW0.75/h (Kvidera et al., 2015)
Cows: 0.7 g/kg BW0.75/h (Kvidera et al., 2017)
Cows: 1.0 g/kg BW0.75/h (Horst et al, 2018)
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$$ Billion Dollar Question $$
Can the Feed or Animal Health Industry do anything about leaky gut????
Targets: Direct action at intestine Indirect via: Increased feed intake
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Heat Stress
Leaky Gut
Immune System Nutrient Utilization
Immuno-activation
↑Insulin↑ LPS
↓Performance
↓Feed Intake
Hind Gut Acidosis Ketosis
Psychological Stress
Mycotoxins Shipping
Stress Umbrella
Tissue Trauma Over-crowding
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Adrenal
Proteolysis
LPS
Lactate
Pancreas
GIT
Prolactin
Thyroid
Somatotropin
TRH
Pyruvate Alanine
Urea
Lactate
ROS
InflammationLiver
StomachGIT
Macrophage
Adipose Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis
GluconeogenesisIGF-
1
Insulin
Muscle
Catecholamines
Feed intake
T4; T3
NEFA
Heat Stress: Metabolic
and Physiological
Summary
Baumgard et al., 2014
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Seminar Summary
Heat stress markedly alters metabolism
Decreases productivity
Costs everyone in the industry
Origin of the problem is at the GIT
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Acknowledgments
• USDA NRI/AFRI/NIFA• # 2005-35203-16041 • # 2008-35206-18817• # 2010-65206-20644• # 2011-67003-30007• # 2014-67015-21627• # 2015-10843• # 2017- 05931• # 2017-10843
• Alltech• Zinpro Inc.• FormAFeed• TechMix• Elanco Animal Health• Kemin Inc.• ADM• Diamond V• ASCUS• Novus
Funding Support
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Questions?
http://www.oildrumpigroasterdesigns.com/
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