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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are composed of rings of 4 or 5 carbons with Hydrogens and Oxygens attached to the carbon atoms
The basic building block of carbohydrates is glucose
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Carbohydrate Functions
• Carbohydrates are used for energy production, energy storage, and cell structure.
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Sugars and Complex Carbohydrates• Glucose is the main food molecule used by most
living things: other molecules are converted to glucose before being used to generate energy. Glucose can also be assembled into starch and cellulose.
• Complex Carbohydrates: Some is structural: the cellulose of plant cell walls and fibers is a polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules. The chitin that covers insects and crustaceans is another glucose polymer (with a bit of modification). Some is food storage: starch and its animal form glycogen. Also glucose polymers, but linked differently: we have enzymes that can digest starch. We animals store glycogen in the liver as a ready source of glucose, the basic food molecule needed by all cells.
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Lipids (Fats)
•An Important Molecule for Living Things
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Sources of Fatsin Our Diet
BAD
Red MeatButterCheese
OK
Olive OilCanola OilAvocado
GOOD
SalmonNutsFlaxseed Oil
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Basic Structure
Two Parts:
Glycerol Head: •hydrophilic: attracted to water
Fatty Acid Tails: •hydrophobic: not attracted to water
Glycerol
Fatty acid
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Four Main Types of Lipidsand their functions
1.Fats: energy storage and insulation
2.Phospholipids: biological membranes
3.Waxes: waterproofing and protection
4.Steroids: hormones/messaging
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Proteins
An important molecule for your body
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Where can you get proteins?
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Why do you need protein?
• Transports materials across cell membrane
• Protects bones• Builds cartilage• Builds muscle• Helps chemical
reactions in your body (enzymes)
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What are the subunits (monomers) of proteins?
• AMINO ACIDS
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Talk about ways that proteins are different than carbohydrates
Think about sources, subunits, and functions.
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Nucleic Acids
• Made of CHONP• Building blocks are
called nucleotides• Functions:– Storing genetic
information– Transmitting genetic
information– Protein building code
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Molecules are organized into organelles
• Nucleus• Mitochondria• Cell wall• Cell membrane • Chloroplast• Ribosome
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Organelles Compose Cells
• Cells themselves are made of smaller parts called organelles (mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, ribosome, cell membrane)
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Organization of matter in living things• Cell = the basic unit of life’s organization• Eukaryotes = multi-celled organisms
containing internal structures (organelles)
– Plants, animals, fungi, protists– Ribosomes synthesize proteins– Mitochondria extract energy
from sugars and fats– Nucleus houses DNA
• Prokaryotes = single-celled organisms
lacking organelles and a nucleus
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Hierarchy of matter in organisms
Matter is organized in a hierarchy of levels, from atoms through cells through organ systems