Download - Car Purchase Factors in Saudi Arabia
MARKETING RESEARCH PROJECT
“CAR PURCHASE FACTORS IN SAUDI ARABIA”
The purpose of this research is to investigate usage behavior and attitudes of consumers in Saudi Arabia towards car purchasing.
Executive summary
The purpose of this report is to communicate the results of a marketing research on the
relationship between consumers, cars and auto dealers in Saudi Arabia.
Further this report provides the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the
different usage behaviors and attitudes of consumers in Saudi Arabia toward cars in
general and each dealer. It also provides a study on the relative importance of different
attributes of cars and the roles it plays on people’s lives. And it also emphasizes on the
dimensions of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with cars and auto dealers in Saudi Arabia.
The methodology followed to effectively complete this research started with an
exploratory research to get a general idea about the objectives of the research followed by
a structured self-administered questionnaire that was distributed to (300) and had a
response rate of (75.4%) which was 233 participants.
Key findings of the research are:
1. The different brands (e.g. Hyundai) and models (e.g. Sonata) of automobiles available on the Saudi market.
2. Factors used by automobile buyers in Saudi Arabia when evaluating different automobile brands, models etc.
3. The dealers for each brand of automobile on the market.
4. Factors used by automobile buyers in Saudi Arabia when evaluating different automobile dealers.
5. The different financing options available to Saudi consumers for purchasing an automobile.
6. Information sources used by consumers in Saudi Arabia during the auto purchase process.
7. Possible factors that influence what brand, model of automobile a consumer decides to purchase.
8. Possible factors that influence consumers' overall automobile purchase decisions.
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Table of contents
Introduction and background………………………………………….. 4Cars in Saudi Arabia..........................................................................................…...5
Importance of the research…………………………………………………………5
Research objectives……………………………………………………… 6
Literature review ………………………………………………………….7
Methodology……………………………………………………………... 8Research method………………………………………………………………….8
Research instrument……………………………………………………………....9
Sample and data collection……………………………………………………….10
Analysis and results……………………………………………………..12Research objective 1……………………………………………………………12Research objective 2……………………………………………………………17Research objective 3……………………………………………………………18Research objective 4……………………………………………………………20
Conclusion and recommendations ……………………………………22
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Study limitations…………………………………………………………23
References…………………………………………………………………24
1) Introduction and background
Since the introduction of cars, concerns have been raised about the performance, maintenance
and safety impacts of regular use. As car usage grew many standardizing organizations have
been after the manufacturers to make the cars friendly towards environment and in particular on
human health and most studies reported that “there is significant relationship between car usage
environment and safety”.
Because of the financial crisis, US car manufacturing is at its lowest in 26 years. In Europe,
customers are confused whether to buy cars or not. Car manufacturers have lost consumers’ trust.
Revenue for Toyota has come down 23%. GM’s stock fell to $2.76, the lowest since 1943. Ford
lost 30% of its revenue and the stock fell 80%. Honda lost 25%, BMW 15%, Mazda 45%, Nissan
36.8%, and Kia 27.8% of their revenue. Nothing was claimed by Hyundai, but it is said that they
have experienced losses as well. (1)
Cars in Saudi Arabia
In 1931 in Saudi Arabia the ratio was 1 car per 48 people. The number of cars in the Kingdom
has increased to a ratio of 1 to 4 at present. The reason for this is an increase in population, new
developments, increase in distances, as well as economic and social reasons. (2)
Saudi consumers purchase cars to represent their personalities, so they choose cars carefully and
try to have the newest and best. For BMW 40% of total revenue is by the old/new car exchange
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program, and 20-25% for used cars. Toyota and Lexus 30% is exchange, and 75% used. 20-30%
of cars driven in Saudi Arabia are owned by females, and 5-7% of them exchange their cars after
3 years. 90-95% male owners change their cars in the same period. (4)
Car imports in Saudi Arabia have increased 125%, from 144,000 cars in 1994 to 324,000 cars in
2003. The most imported cars are SUVs and minivans. (3)
Importance of this research
Finding information about car usage rates and different statistics is not as hard as finding
information about consumers’ relations and their different attitudes towards different car brands
in general and how consumers are actually purchasing automobiles and what specific factors
influence their final decisions.
At many levels the results of this research would provide auto dealers in the Saudi market with
information concerning:
1) Consumers' perceptions of auto brands
2) Consumers' preferences for auto brands
3) Influences factors on auto purchase decisions
4) Preferences for (or use of) alternative financing options in auto purchase
5) Importance of different information sources in auto purchase
6) Evaluations of auto dealers
After knowing all these information about consumers in the Saudi market, car dealers can
easily enhance and work on the areas that consumers are dissatisfied with, offer services that
match consumers’ needs and better build a relationship with different consumers to increase
the level of loyalty in the sense that consumers keep buying from the same dealer.
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It also helps each service provider to know the different gaps in the market that aren’t yet met
and try to fill these gaps with a clear idea of what consumers actually wants.
2) Research Objectives
BROAD RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
To study the automobile purchasing behavior of consumers in Saudi Arabia with
particular emphasis on examining factors that influences the auto purchase decision.
SPECIFIC RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1) What are automobile consumers' perceptions of, and preferences for different brands,
models etc of automobiles on the Saudi market? What factors influence these perceptions
and preferences? What is the specific nature of these influences?
2) What is the nature of consumers' preferences for alternative financing options in the
auto purchase decision? What factors influence these preferences? What is the nature of
these influences?
3) What is the relative importance of various information sources in consumers'
automobile purchase decisions?
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4) Where there are several dealers for a particular brand of automobile, what is the nature
of consumers' preferences for the different dealers? What factors influence these
preferences? What is the nature of these influences?
3) Literature ReviewFor our literature review we have reviewed 3 articles:
1) Robert B. Zajoncand and Hazel Markus
Vol. 9 • September 1982, Effective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences
2) Gerald Haubl. (1996) "A cross national Investigation of the effects of country of origin
and brand name on the evaluation of a new car" International Marketing Review pp76-91
3) Busik Choi (2006) " Consumers perception of a warranty as a signal of quality: An
Empirical Study on the automobile industry" pp 1-18 University of California, Irvine
1) The quality and importance of service play vital role in car purchasing. occupation,
age and gender influence car-buying attitudes. There are three factors involved in
Consumers Reaction Analysis: environment, behavior, and affect/cognition. Cross-
cultural differences arise from different cultural environments that influence consumers'
behaviors. People rely on their previous experiences to help them decide on what kind of
cars and brand names they wished to purchase.
Companies should consider on which elements of the value proposition--price,
service, quality, and image-they wish to focus, based on cultural preferences.
2) Country of origin and the country where the car is manufactured effects on the
perception of consumers when they are looking for a car to purchase.
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3) When consumers purchase new vehicles, consumer's past experience with vehicles is
an important factor.
Consumers might value on information about lesser known products more than
the information about a well known product.
4) Methodology
In this part of the study the following will be covered. First, the research method which
is the way this research was conducted and how an exploratory research assisted in the
process. Second, the research instrument which was a structured self-administered
questionnaire prepared after the findings of an exploratory research. Third, which is the
last part of the methodology, the sampling and data collection where different parts of
the eastern region of Saudi Arabia were visited and different demographic variables were
used to make sure the sample is as representative as possible.
1) Research method To reach to the objectives of this research a survey (i.e. self administered questionnaires) was
conducted. We have chosen the survey option because this research approach is feasible,
provides faster data and can be conveniently executed within the time frame available for the
study. First, an exploratory research was undertaken to identify the variables that need to be
measured and the specific questions that will explain each variable.
The goal of the exploratory research was to provide a general idea on how consumers relate
to car purchasing, to get insights on the behaviors and attitudes of car owners in Saudi Arabia
toward different brands of automobiles and their respective dealers. Further, the exploratory
research identified different variables that were used in designing the questions in the
questionnaire.
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Mainly some articles were reviewed in the exploratory research, focus group interviews were
done and sentence completion tests were conducted. The respondents in the exploratory
research were mostly family members and friends of the researchers.
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The results of the exploratory research identified different brands of automobiles in the Saudi
market, different car features, the most important attributes of cars to consumers in Saudi
Arabia, dimensions of consumers’ satisfaction and dissatisfaction with cars, different services
offered by the auto dealers in Saudi Arabia, what role does a car have in peoples’ daily life
and dimensions of consumers’ satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the auto dealers. At the
end several questions were prepared addressing each of these findings.
2) Research instrument
All the results from the exploratory research were used to design the structured self-
administered questionnaires that were used as the main instrument in this research. Both
Arabic and English versions were used.
In this research the objectives were clearly identified and the questionnaire was designed in a
way that makes it able to cover and answer each specific research question.
The variables that the questionnaire was designed to measure are all extracted from the
specific research questions which are listed below:
1) Consumers' perceptions of auto brands
2) Consumers' preferences for auto brands
3) Preferences for (or use of) alternative financing options in auto purchase
4) Importance of different information sources in auto purchase
5) Evaluations of auto dealers
6) Important influences on auto purchase decisions
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3) Sample and data collection The sample of the research was chosen from the eastern regions of Saudi Arabia and most of
the questionnaires were distributed face to face to ensure a high response rate and differences
in demographic variables.
The following table shows the response rate.
English Version Arabic Version
Attempted Surveys 250 50
Completed Surveys 197 36
Incomplete Surveys 53 14
Response Rate78.8% 72%
75.4%
The following tables shows the demographic characteristics of the sample
GENDER
Frequency
Male 233
Female 0
AGE
Frequency
Below 18 years 1
18 - 25 years 134
26 - 30 years 40
31 - 35 years 17
36 - 40 years 13
41 - 45 years 10
46 - 50 years 9
over 50 years 9
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NATIONALITY
Frequency
Saudi 155
Non-Saudi 78
MONTHLY
INCOME
Frequency
Less than SR 5,000 120
SR 5,000 - SR 9,999 29
SR 10,000 - SR 14,999 31
SR 15,000 - SR 19,999 17
SR 20,000 - SR 24,999 6
Over SR 25,000 8
EDUCATION
Frequency
Less than high school 4
High school diploma 44
Technical degree 13
Bachelor’s degree 116
Master’s degree 30
Doctorate degree 5
No education 1
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5) Analysis and Results
Our Analysis was conducted using SPSS for each research objective; each objective had
certain variables (questions from questionnaire) that we used to carry out our analysis.
Research Objective 1
A) Consumer perceptions of auto brands
Frequency Analysis was conducted on Question 17.
Chevrolet Ford Toyota Honda Nissan Kia Hyundai
Audi Volvo
a) Has reputation for good quality
24.9% 20.6% 60.9% 44.6% 24.4% 0.4% 6.9% 38.6% 26.2%
b) Is reasonably priced for its quality level
23.2% 23.6% 54.1% 29.2% 22.7% 16.7% 28.8% 12.9% 9.9%
c) Gives real value for your money
13.3% 17.2% 58.4% 24.9% 17.2% 10.3% 14.2% 19.3% 10.7%
d) Has very good fuel economy
5.2% 13.7% 70.4% 38.2% 28.8% 20.2% 28.8% 6.4% 4.3%
e) Has a reputation for durability
17.6% 19.3% 54.1% 36.1% 19.3% 1.3% 4.3% 24.0% 21.5%
f) Has a reputation for safety
14.2% 12.4% 19.7% 17.6% 6.9% 0.4% 2.1% 36.5% 68.7%
g) Is noted for its excellent design
20.6% 9.0% 25.8% 32.6% 18.9% 0.4% 7.7% 59.2% 17.2%
h) Has the best re-sale value
9.4% 10.7% 84.5% 25.3% 13.3% 1.7% 5.2% 7.7% 3.9%
i) Has excellent performance
23.6% 18.0% 47.6% 35.2% 25.3% 0.4% 3.4% 54.1% 25.8%
j) Has excellent overall quality
18.5% 15.5% 51.9% 33.0% 16.3% 0.4% 2.6% 45.9% 29.1%
Table 1
Table 1 illustrates percentages of the number of respondents who have selected the
statements according to their perception of each specific car. As we can see majority of
the respondents are in favor of Toyota, while on the other hand the overall perception of
KIA is very poor in the minds of the respondents.
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We have conducted further analysis on consumers’ perception of auto brands through
comparing means of the current satisfaction with car and likelihood of purchasing the
same car again for each of the brands. The variables included were Question 15, 16 & 2.
This is shown below:
Brand N S(Mean) L(Mean) DifferenceAmerican:
Chevrolet 42 5.69 4.4 1.29Ford 28 4.89 3.75 1.14Chrysler 8 3.75 1.5 2.25Other 9 5.78 4.56 1.22Total 87 5.0275 3.5525 1.475
German: Audi 5 6.2 6.2 0BMW 8 5.37 4.5 0.87VW 7 5.71 3.5 2.21Other 8 5.25 4 1.25Total 20 5.76 4.733333333 1.02666667
French: Peugeot 6 3.5 2.33 1.17Renault 1 5 6 -1Total 7 4.25 4.165 0.085
English: Range Rover 3 4.67 3 1.67Jaguar 3 4 2.33 1.67Other 1 7 7 0Total 7 5.22333333 4.11 1.11333333
Other European:
Volvo 3 6 3.67 2.33Saab 1 7 7 0Total 4 6.5 5.335 1.165
Korean: Hyundai 9 5.78 4.89 0.89Kia 3 5.33 3 2.33Daewoo 2 3 3 0Total 14 4.70333333 3.63 1.07333333
Japanese: Toyota 33 5.73 4 1.73Honda 12 5.83 4.58 1.25Nissan 14 5.36 4 1.36Mitsubishi 5 4.2 4.2 0Other 9 5.7 3 2.7Total 73 5.364 3.956 1.408
Table 2
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In Table 2 the numbers highlighted Yellow are the total respondents that own a car
within that country (brand). And the numbers highlighted Orange are the total means of
the Satisfaction with current car (S) and Likelihood of buying car again (L).
The satisfaction level was rated out of 7, 1 is least satisfied and 7 most satisfied.
And for Likelihood 1 is least likely and 7 is most likely purchasing car again. The
majority of our sample owned American/Japanese cars. And for both they seemed to be
moderately satisfied with their current cars. From this we can deduce that most of the cars
on the street are either Japanese or American. Even though American cars lack good fuel
economy but since fuel is so cheap in Saudi Arabia it doesn’t make a difference to the
people. Within category of Korean cars Hyundai is the best in terms of satisfaction and
likelihood of getting bough again. Also, Japanese cars are doing significantly well due
them being reliable, good fuel economy and affordable to middle class people.
B) Consumers' preferences for auto brands
We used frequency analysis to find out how many individuals in the sample owned each type of different car. The variable included was Question 2 from the questionnaire. We got the following results:
Car brand Frequency Car brand Frequency
American: Other European:
Chevrolet 43 Volvo 3Ford 28 Saab 1Chrysler 8 Korean: Cadillac 2 Hyundai 9Dodge 1 Kia 3Jeep 2 Daewoo 2Mercury 1 Japanese:
German: Toyota 33Audi 5 Honda 12BMW 8 Nissan 14VW 7 Mitsubishi 5Mercedes 5 Isuzu 2
French: Lexus 2Peugeot 6 Mazda 1Renault 1 Suzuki 2
English: Indian: Range Rover 6 Tata 1Jaguar 3
Total 216Table 3
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Table 3 illustrates there are a total of 216 individual from our sample of 233 that own a
car. As we can see Chevrolet and Toyota are the most own cars, also American and
Japanese cars are a lot in number from our sample. Once again this is leading to the
conclusion that in the population American and Japanese cars are most popular.
Once again we used Frequency analysis to find out which type of cars is most
popular. We used the variable Question 4 to figure this out. The following table is self
explanatory:
Type of car Frequency
4x4 14
Coupe 5
Hatchback 1
Minivan 12
Sedan 126
SUV/Jeep 23
Truck 7
Table 4
From Table 4 we can deduce that majority of the cars on the streets are in fact sedans.
Even the majority of productions for most car manufacturers are sedans. This proves that
people prefer Sedans in comparison to other types of cars.
For the third time we used Frequency analysis to see from our sample how many
people owned New/Used cars. We used variable Question 7 to figure this out. The table
is shown below:
Car Frequency Percentage
New 133 57.10%
Used 63 27.00%
No car 37 15.90%
Total 233 100%
Table 5
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Table 5 illustrates that 57.1% of our sample own new cars. So it can be suggested that
people to prefer buying new cars over used cars due to the complications they may cause
and this will lead to more chances of dissatisfaction.
C) Influencing factors on auto purchase decision
We conducted frequency analysis on variable Question 11 to see how many
individuals selected what in each category.
Not important
Somewhat important
Average importance
Quite important
Very important
a) The car's quality reputation 5 9 23 60 97b) The car's features 3 17 46 65 62c) The car's fuel consumption 16 20 55 50 53d) The car's durability 6 12 46 69 63e) The car's performance 4 11 40 59 80f) The car's design 4 16 41 65 68g) The car's price 3 7 31 60 94h) The car's brand name 14 14 52 63 50i) The car's home country 31 21 55 51 36j) The car's re-sale value 47 32 44 39 32
k) Reputation of the dealer 23 32 52 47 40m) Country where the car is manufactured 26 32 50 44 41n) Quality of after-sales service 18 17 39 66 54o) Availability of spare parts 4 8 24 48 110p) Cost of spare parts 6 8 30 53 96
Table 6
The numbers that are highlighted red in Table 6 are the highest selected within each
specific criteria. From this table you can easily interpret that a, e, f, g, o and p are “very
important” to most people since these were selected the most. b, d, h and n are quite
important. c, i, k and m hold average importance in people’s minds. Finally the most
chosen for j was “not important”. Being that this is a rich country some of these factors
would have been chosen abnormally due to the circumstances and situation (low fuel
cost) of people.
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For variable Question 18 we used frequency analysis to see which factor holds
more important to people in comparison with the opposing factor. This is show below:
a) [ 48] Dealer reputation Vs. [178] Car reputation
b) [154] Purchase price of the car Vs. [ 72] Re-sale price of the car
c) [122] Performance Vs. [107] Durability
d) [137] Performance Vs. [ 88] Fuel consumption
e) [119] Home country of the car Vs. [105] Country the car is manufactured in
f) [ 77] Quality of dealer service Vs. [149] Cost of spare parts
g) [ 53] Advertising information on the car Vs. [171] Friends/family recommendations
h) [ 90] Advertising information on the car Vs. [135] Articles in car magazines
i) [ 80] Advertising information on the car Vs. [144] Articles in internet sites
Table 7
From Table 7 (bold numbers are number of people that selected that factor) it is
clear which factors are more important in the minds of people when it comes to
purchasing a car.
Research Objective 2
D) Preferences for alternative financing options
Frequency analysis was conducted to find out how many individuals in our sample used
which different kinds of financing method and we found the following which is
illustrated in Table 7. The variable Question 10 was used to do this.
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Financing Method used Frequency PercentCash payment 64 27.46781116Gift from family member 86 36.90987124Interest-free loan from bank 5 2.145922747
Regular bank loan 7 3.004291845Islamic financing 9 3.862660944Company loan 2 0.858369099Hire-purchase 10 4.291845494Installment payments 11 4.721030043Other financing method 2 0.858369099Total 196 84.12017167Missing 37 15.87982833Total 233 100
Table 7
As you can see from Table 7 that 36.9% of the sample use Gift from a family member,
27.4% used Cash Payments to buy their car, etc. 15.8% reported nothing. From this we
can see that a lot of people that get a car in Saudi Arabia (Mainly the youth) get it as a
gift from their family member. And a significant amount use cash payments to purchase
their car.
Research Objective 3
E) Importance of different information sources in auto purchase
A combination of Frequency analysis and Descriptive was used to get how many
individuals used which Information source and what was the total average score out of
5. Variable Question 13 was used to conduct this analysis. Table 8 Illustrates this
Information.
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no.# of people that used source. Mean Usefulness
151 Recommendation by family 3.65
111 Manufacturers'/Dealers' brochures 3.13
121 Dealer's salesmen 3.22
95 TV advertising 2.88
96 Newspaper advertising 2.71
95 Magazine advertising 2.75
116 Reviews in car magazines 3.32
140 Internet reviews 3.66
153 Your own past experience 4.14
124 Car exhibitions 3.54
97 Car clubs 3.02
Table 8
As you can see from Table 8 the column highlighted in Yellow displays the number of
people from the sample that used that Information source. The column highlighted
Orange shows the Mean score out of 5 that has been calculated for all the individuals
that used that source. We can conclude that the most used Information source was from
peoples own past experience which had the highest score of 4.14. The second most
used source was recommendation by family which scored 3.65, etc. The information
sources that scored the least were the advertising sources. Internet reviews seem to be
more affective that Advertising.
Referring back to Table 7 we see the following;
j) [ 53] Advertising information on the car Vs. [171] Friends/family recommendations
k) [ 90] Advertising information on the car Vs. [135] Articles in car magazines
l) [ 80] Advertising information on the car Vs. [144] Articles in internet sites
It seems that people find Friends/Family recommendations, Articles in car magazines
& Internet sites to be more reliable than Advertising information.
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Research Objective 4
F) Evaluation and Preference of Auto Dealers
By conducting Frequency analysis on variable Question 8 we found out from where
most of our sample bought their car from. This information is displayed in Table 9.
Where car was bought FrequencyAgent in KSA 131Other dealer 55Outside K.S.A 9Not reported 38Total 233
Table 9
If you refer back to Table 7, a and f you can see which factor is more influential to
majority of the sample when it comes to dealer preference. Ideally this would be the
same for the population.
For Evaluation of the Dealer we conducted Frequency Analysis to see how many
different Dealers our sample is customers of, this is shown in Table 10. To do this we
used variable Question 9, and also we analyzed how our sample evaluated dealers
over all with respect to 6 dimensions which is shown in Table 11, to do that we used
variable Question 14.
Agent or dealer Frequency Agent or dealer name Frequency
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nameAAC Dammam 1 Al-Yemni 1
Abdul-Latif Jamil 27 Al-Zahid 3
Abdullah-Hashim 11 Ali Exhibition 1
Al- Naghi Motors 2 Auto Star 1
Al-Domaly 1 Balubaid Automotive 9
Al-Hamrani 5 Dammam Car Exhibition 1
Al-Haraj 2 Haji Husein Alireza 3
Al-Harraj 2 Juffali Automative 1
Al-Issa 3 Juffali Automotive 2
Al-Jaber 1 Khalid 1
Al-Jabir 3 Marhoon Exhibition 1
Al-Jadeedy Exhibition 1 Najd 1
Al-Jazirah 10 Sai'ary Exhibition 1
Al-Jumaih 12 Samaco 10
Al-Majdouie 6 Samaco Group 2
Al-Marhon 1 Shaik Al-Ma'ared Qaseem 1
Al-Mulhem 1 Sulaiman M. Alhamzah 1
Al-Mutahida 2 Tamkelat 1
Al-Naghi Motors 5 United Motors 8
Al-Ohaly 1 Universal Motors 17
Al-Saif Motors 3 Zahid Tractor 1
Al-Taveer 1 Not Reported(Missing, no car) 65
Table 10
These are all the different dealers present in our sample.
Different Dimensions being measured: Poor Average Good
V. Excell-ent
Don't KnowGood
a) Availability of spare parts
17 24 35 47 66 5
b) Price of spare parts 46 29 58 35 20 6c) Quality of technical
service27 26 58 47 28 9
d) Labor charges for service
47 33 53 34 13 12
e) Speed of service 36 40 37 41 30 11f) Quality of customer
service24 33 45 44 38 12
Table 11
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5) Conclusions and Recommendations
Based on the results of this research following are some recommendations for car dealers in
Saudi Arabia.
1) It is obvious from this research that Toyota (Abdul-Latif Jamil) has competitive advantage
in comparison with other car dealers due to the excellent services that they offer with the
highest quality standards. If car dealers can bring up the standards of their services by
benchmarking them with other car dealers such as Abdul-Latif Jamil they can become very
successful in a very short period of time. But in general usually when a new car brand enters
a market if they don’t use the right strategies from the start and try to take advantage of their
customers their reputation will be bad for the years to come. You have to make the best first
impression.
2) People have different perceptions of different car brands. They stereotype Korean cars for
being unreliable and having weak bodies compared to Japanese cars being very reliable. But
from our analysis we can see that specific Hyundai in comparison with other Korean cars is
doing very well. If auto-dealers can improve their image in front of the customers using
better marketing techniques and improving the quality of their cars by making minor
adjustments here and there it will make a big difference.
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6) Study Limitations
Some factors affected the perfection level of the study and forced the researchers to make
some choices in sampling and the type of analysis conducted on different variables to reach
to conclusions about each objective.
These factors are time constraints, limited resources and some cultural believes.
1) Due to time constraints a larger sample couldn’t be reached and some of the
demographic variables were not analyzed very deeply.
2) Due to limited resources we had to make a convenience sample method instead of
probability sampling. And due to cultural believes it was quit difficult to get a
response from females over males which could have produced some very interesting
results.
At the end these limitation only resulted in some minor shortfalls that the researchers would
have loved to complete. But it didn’t affect the validity of the acquired results.
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ReferencesThe following links have been used as a reference in our Introduction:
1) http://www.alrage.net/vb/t136417.html
2) http://www.dralsaif.com/articls/6.htm
3)http://www.asharqalawsat.com/details.asp?
section=6&article=258392&issueno=9441
4) http://www.asharqalawsat.com/details.asp?section=6&article=82007&issueno=8445
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