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Cacti and Succulentsin the
Home Garden
© Scott B. McMahon
Cacti and Succulents make great specimen plants.
Aloe ferox
They have interesting shapes.
Alluadia procera
They can have bizarreotherworldly forms.
Tephrocactusarticulatus
Low water use compared toother ornamentals.
Opuntia robusta
Cactus, Succulent, What’s the Difference?
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Characteristics Shared by Cacti and Succulents
• Adapted to survive in areas with limited or infrequent rainfall.
• Stems, leaves, and/or roots converted to store water and food.
• Can have leaves that are greatly modified, reduced, or none at all to reduce water loss.
• Fewer stomata and nighttime C4 respiration (Crassulean Acid Metabolism or CAM). 95% of all plants have C3 metabolism.
• Can have photosynthetic stems that expand and contract using flexible ribs.
• Can use spines, poisonous sap, or cryptic behavior to avoid predation.
Characteristics Common Only to Cacti
• Cacti are all members of a closely related group, the family Cactaceae.
• They are only native to the Americas, except for one genus.
• They have a unique structure called the areole.
• They are the only family of plants that can produce spines in clusters.
CACTACEAEMatucanatuberculata
Cactus-areole present Euphorbia-no areole Grusonia invicta Euphorbia officinarum
Coryphantha delaetiana
Areoles, spines inclusters
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Stems with flexible ribs
Stenocereus martinezii
TuberclesMammillariapilispina
Dense Spines ProtectingYoung Tissue
Mammillaria sp.
Dense Spination:Protection From Sunlight
Denmozarhodacantha
Cryptic behaviorDense wool and spines Pilosocereus sp.
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Wool protecting the apexLophophora williamsii
Chemical Defense
Spines embedded in the epidermis
Dense tufts of white trichomes
Diversity of Forms
Minor Subfamilies of CactaceaeMinor Subfamilies of Cactaceae
• Perekioideae: Primitive cacti with closest ties to ancestors of cacti. Woody, non-succulent shrubs or trees with true flat leaves. CAM (C4) in the stems and C3 metabolism in the leaves. Pereskia
• Maihuenioideae: Caespitose shrubs with C3 metabolism only. Small, persistent, fleshy leaves. Maihuenia
Tropical Mexico,Caribbean, and SouthAmerica
Non-Succulent,True, Flat Leaves
PereskioideaeSubfamily
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Pereskia bahiensis
Maihuenia patagonicaMaihuenioideae
Main Subfamilies of CactaceaeMain Subfamilies of Cactaceae
• Opuntioideae: Segmented stems, barbed spines, glochids, temporary round leaves. Chollas and prickly pears. 15 genera from Canada to southern Patagonia.
• Cactoideae: Divided further into 9 tribes, 107 genera (Anderson, 2001). Globular, columnar, climbing, shrubby, or epiphytic.
Subfamiliy Opuntioideae
• Prickly Pears, Chollas, and their relatives in North and South America
• Jointed Stems• Barbed Spines• Glochids Except on Some Chollas
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Jointed stems or pads Glochids Emerging padswith true leaves, and flower buds
Opuntia aciculataS. Texas, N.E. Mexico
Opuntia erinacea
W. U.S.
Opuntia basilarisSW U.S., Sonora
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Opuntia fuliginosa
W. Central Mexico
Opuntia pilifera
S. Mexico
Opuntia pilifera
Opuntia ficus-indica Preparation of Nopales Opuntia santa rita
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Opuntia engelmannii Opuntia stenopetala
Central Mexico
Tephrocactus articulatus v. papyracanthus
Argentina
Cylindropuntia bigelovii Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa Cylindropuntia
acanthocarpa
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Cactoideae: Columnar Cacti
• Tall Single or Branching Stems• Woody Skeleton• Flowering When Much Older• Many Genera, Found in North and South
America• Large Impact in the Landscape
Woody core, flexible stems for water storage;Water transport from the roots is inside the wood;Transport through the cortex is through cortical bundles.
Neoraimondia herzogiana
Central Bolivia
Neoraimondia herzogiana
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Myrtillocactus geometrizansCentral Mexico
Myrtillocactus geometrizansStetsonia coryne
NW Argentina, Bolivia,Paraguay
Stetsonia coryneN.W. Argentina,Bolivia, Paraguay
Carnegiea gigantea
SaguaroAriz., Sonora
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Pachycereus pringlei
Cardon
Sonora, Baja
Pachycereus pringlei
Pachycereus weberi
S. Mexico
Pachycereus marginatusCentral Mexico
Pachycereus schottii “senita”
S. AZ, Sonora, Baja
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Stenocereus thurberi
Organ PipeS. AZ, Sonora, Baja, Sinaloa
Stenocereus thurberi
Espostoa melanostele
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Side Cephalium
Oreocereus celsianus
Bolivia, Peru, Argentina
Globular Cacti
• Single to Multiple Small Rounded Stems• Flowering at a Young Age• Adaptable to Small Spaces• Popular as Pot Plants
Parodia magnifica
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Coryphantha elephantidens Coryphantha sp. Coryphantha macromeris
Thelocactus setispinus Thelocactus rinconensisHedgehogs
• Echinocereus• SW US and Mexico• Short clusters of stems from the base.• Rich, colorful flowers in Spring.
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Echinocereus rigidissimus
E. Sonora
Echinocereus pentalophusN. to Central Mexico
Echinocereus fendleri v. boyce thompsonii
Echinocereus nicholiiSonoran Desert
Echinocereus stoloniferusv. tayopensis
E. Sonora, W. Chihuahua
Echinocereus triglochidiatus
Claret Cup
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Barrel Cacti
• Ferocactus, Echinocactus• Large, Robust Single to Multiple Stems• Bold, Colorful Spines• Usually Large Flowers• Dramatic Additions to a Landscape
Ferocactus cylindraceusSonoran Desert
Ferocactus wislizeni
SW U.S.N. Mexico
Ferocactus pilosus
N. central Mexico
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Ferocactus pilosus‘stainesii’
N. CentralMexico
Ferocactus herrerae
Sonora to Durango, Mexico
Ferocactus hamatacanthus
Chihuahuan Desert
Ferocactus emoryiSonoran Desert,Baja Calif.
Ferocactus emoryi v. rectispinus
Central Baja Calif.
Ferocactus glaucescens
Hidalgo
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Echinocactus horizonthalonius
Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts
Echinocactus texensis
Tex., New Mex., N.E. Mexico
Echinocactus grusonii
Querétaro
Echinocactus platyacanthus
Central Mexico Mammillaria
• Large, Popular Genus• Compact Single to Multiple Stems• Flowers in a Ring Below the Apex• Pronounced, Elongated Tubercles
Mammillaria standleyi
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Mammillaria albicans Mammillaria bocensis Mammillaria tetrancistra
Mammillaria baumii Mammillaria
guelzowiana Mammillaria longimamma
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Mammillaria grahamii
Mammillaria neopalmeri Mammillaria fraileana
Climbing or Sprawling Cacti
• Need Trees, Rocks, or Other Structures for Support
• Long, Thin Stems• Many Have Large, Fragrant Flowers
Harrisia sp.
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Selenicereus sp.Peniocereus greggiiv. transmontanus
Ariz. Queen of the Night
Peniocereus viperinus
Harrisia justbertii
Stenocereus eruca Echinopsis and Hybrids
• Mostly Clumping, Some Tree Like• Large, Tubular, Nocturnal Flowers• Hybrids Come in Wide Range of Colors
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Echinopsis huascha
Echinopsis X Echinopsis x.
Echinopsis x. Echinopsis x‘Yes’
Echinopsis candicans, huascha
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Cacti in the Landscape Chollas and prickly pears
Unfriendly
Flat, no contour
Shotgun ApproachWell Grown Plants, ButArea is Maxed Out
Pachycereus schottiifma. monstrosus
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Cereus hildmannianus
Crowded
Restoration Landscape Opuntia santa rita Median Planting
Median PlantingLow Maintenance Opuntia aciculata, santa rita
Opuntia ficus indica
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Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa
Ferocactus and Baileya
Echinocereus triglochidiatusand Chrysactinia
Echinopsis x withChocolate Flower
Mammillaria rock garden Echinocereus pentalophus This Species Needs Shelter
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Mass Planting Combine Different Forms
Thelocactus setispinus,Ferocactus pilosus Culture of Cacti
• Most cacti need bright light, but some like shade and others full sun.
• All cacti must have water during the summer growing season.
• Cacti need well drained soil or potting mix.• Plants in pots should have some fertilizer blend
that is low in nitrogen. • Some need frost protection, and some just don’t
do well here in Phoenix!• Know your plant’s specific requirements.
Etiolation
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sunburn DehydratedTransplanting Cacti
• Gloves, tongs, sections of hoses, carpet useful to protect the plant and yourself.
• Avoid damaging roots. Repot or install plants dry and wait several days to water.
• Large roots that are damaged should be cut back and allowed to dry before planting.
• Center tall or heavy plants as much as possible when planting and tamp in the soil. Props may be necessary for the first year. Boulders very useful.
• Orientation must be maintained on plants grown outdoors to avoid sunburn.
• Maintain original soil level to prevent rot.
Soil
• Remove previous soil if going to new formula.
• Gently break apart soil or wash off roots.• Any mix used must have good drainage.• Top dressing in pots helps insulate the soil
and reduce erosion during watering.
Eriosyce sp.
tuberous roots
Fibrous roots
Tephrocactus articulatus
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New soil line.Ok for Opuntias
Opuntia sp.Pests
• Scale insects and mealybugs: Suck juices, interfere with chlorophyll. Treat with 70% alcohol, insecticidal soap, or blast off with water. Small infestations can be picked or brushed off.
• Spider mites: Dense webs over the surface: Treat as above.
• Rodents: They will eat some cacti and can cover up parts of plants by burrowing.
Cochineal scale
Frailea castanea
Mealy bugs
Rodenta persista Burrowing rodents
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Ferocactus cylindraceus: Jackrabbit damage
This guy’s ok
Be Nice to Your Cacti