Download - C13 Organic Chemistry
Chapter 13a Organic Chemistry
13-1. Carbon Bonds13-2. Alkanes 13-3. Petroleum Products 13-4. Structural Formulas 13-5. Isomers 13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons13-7. Benzene 13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups13-9. Functional Groups 13-10. Polymers
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds; inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of all elements other than carbon.
The general properties of carbon compounds are:
1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes.
2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow.
3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated.
4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures.
13-3. Petroleum Products Fractional distillation
Catalytic cracking Modern cracking uses zeolites as the
catalyst.
Polymerization-the making of plastics
Vinyl
13-3. Petroleum Products
13-3. Petroleum Products
13-5. Isomers
Optical Isomers Structural Isomers
13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated compounds have double or triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more reactive than saturated compounds, which have only single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes and similar compounds).
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/isomers/intro.htm
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm
13.7 Benzene Aromatic compounds
Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that do not contain benzene rings.
13.8 Hydrocarbon Groups
Alkanes or Hydrocarbons
Methane 1 carbon
Ethane 2 carbons
Propane 3 carbons
Butane 4 carbons
Pentane 5 carbons
Hexane 6 carbons
Heptane 7 carbons
Octane 8 carbons
Table 13.1
13-9. Functional Groups
Alkenes
Ethene 2 carbons
Propene 3 carbons
Butene 4 carbons
Pentene 5 carbons
Hexene 6 carbons
Heptene 7 carbons
Octene 8 carbons
Alkynes
Acetylene 2 carbons
Propyne 3 carbons
Butyne 4 carbons
Pentyne 5 carbons
Hexyne 6 carbons
Heptyne 7 carbons
Octyne 9 carbons
Fig. 13.9, etc.
Acetylene gas welding and cutting.
Alcohols
Ethanol 2 carbons
Propanol 3 carbons
Butanol 4 carbons
Pentanol 5 carbons
Hexanole 6 carbons
Heptanol 7 carbons
Octanol 8 carbons
13-9. Functional Groups
Ethersoxygen in the middle
AldehydesDouble bond “O” with “H” on end
13-9. Functional Groups
KetonesDouble bond “O” in middle
13-49 Functional Groups
Carboxylic AcidsDouble bond “O” with “OH”
AminesNH2 on end
13-9. Functional Groups
EstersDouble bond “O” with “O” both in middle
Table 13.2
13-10 Polymers
A polymer is a long chain of simple molecules (monomers) linked together. Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon, and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid again on cooling..
Table 13.3
13-10 Polymers
.A copolymer is a polymer that consists of two different monomers. Dynel and Saran Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule form flexible, elastic polymers called elastomers; rubber and neoprene are examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions rather than by the polymerization of monomers.
13-10 Polymers
.Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a no-stick surface in cookware.
Chapter 13b Organic Chemistry
13-11. Carbohydrates
13-12. Photosynthesis
13-13. Lipids
13-14. Proteins
13-15 Soil Nitrogen
13-16. Nucleic Acids
13-17. Origin of Life
13-11. Carbohydrates
D-Allose D-Altrose D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Gulose D-Idose D-Galactose D-Talose
D-Glucose(an aldose)
α-D-Glucose β-D-Glucose
β-D-Glucose(chair form)
Sucrose Lactose Maltose
13.11 Polysaccharides
Amylopectin
Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest cellulose in plants.
13.11 Polysaccharides
13.12 Photosynthesis
13.12 Photosynthesis
13-13. Lipids
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Soap Molecule with Polar head and non-polar tail
13-13. Lipids
13-14. Proteins The polypeptide chain forms a backbone structure in proteins:
On first inspection, this structure appears to be connected entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It should therefore be as flexible as a simple hydrocarbon chain. Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not occur by bending bonds, and the normal tetrahedral or trigonal planar bond angles are maintained. Instead, different shapes are obtained by torsional rotation about the axis of the bonds:
13-15 Soil Nitrogen
13-16. Nucleic Acids
. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation.
13-17. Origin of Life