Download - C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012
![Page 1: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
C-commandDay 8, Sept. 14, 2012Introduction to Syntax
ANTH 3590/7590
Harry Howard
Tulane University
![Page 2: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Course management
http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ The website is finally back up, and all of the
course material is available there. The grades have been uploaded to
Blackboard’s grade book. Please check them! If there is a problem, bring
your quiz to class to show me.
9/1
4/1
2
2
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
![Page 3: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Who is missing?9
/12
/12
3
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
![Page 4: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Review
9/1
4/1
2A
NT
H3
59
0/7
59
0, H
arry H
ow
ard
, Tu
lan
e4
![Page 5: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The tests
1. Co-ordination condition (30) Only constituents of the same type can be
coordinated.
2. Proform/substitution condition (-) Only a string of words that is a constituent can
be replaced with a proform.
3. Preposing condition (37) When material is preposed in order to highlight
it, what is preposed is the smallest possible maximal projection containing the highlighted material.
9/1
4/1
2
5
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
![Page 6: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Other principles
Economy condition (36) Syntactic structures should contain as few words
as possible, and syntactic operations should affect as few words as possible.
Functional head constraint (simplified) (39) The complement of a functional head cannot be
moved without moving its head also.
9/1
4/1
2
6
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
![Page 7: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Draw trees for ex. 2.1
9/1
4/1
2
7
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
![Page 8: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
§2.6 Syntactic relations
9/1
4/1
2A
NT
H3
59
0/7
59
0, H
arry H
ow
ard
, Tu
lan
e8
![Page 9: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
NEGATIVE POLARITY
1. No student has any idea how to solve this problem.
2. Mary has any idea how to solve this problem.
3. Few students have any idea how to solve this problem.
4. Five students have any idea how to solve this problem.
5. If you have any idea how to solve this problem, tell me.
6. When you have any idea how to solve this problem, tell me.
9/1
4/1
2
9
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
*
*
*
![Page 10: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
MORE TYPES
Take a moment to think of other negative polarity items like any. ever, to dare, to need
Take a moment to think of other negative polarity/affective environments like no, few & if. how often
Positive polarity? John liked it somewhat. John didn't like it somewhat. I am well/fine. I am not well/fine.
9/1
4/1
2
10
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
![Page 11: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
WHERE CAN THE TRIGGER BE?
1. Few of my friends know any politicians.2. The wives of few of my friends know any
politicians.3. The writer that few of my friends admire
has any money.4. Any politicians are known by few of my
friends.5. Few of my friends’ wives have any money.
9/1
4/1
2
11
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
*
*
*
![Page 12: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
C-COMMAND
Polarity items need to be licensed by another constituent. This licensing is asymmetric.
The branches in a tree represent containment.
A constituent X c-commands its sister constituent Y and any constituent Z which is contained within Y.
The polarity condition (49) A polarity item must be c-commanded by an
affective (negative, interrogative, or conditional) constituent.
9/1
4/1
2
12
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
![Page 13: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
THE EXAMPLE OF EX. 2.1-19
/14
/12
13
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
PP
Nobody will become very fond of any politician
PRN T V ADV ADJ P NP
Adj’
AdjP
VP
T’
TPA constituent X c-commands its sister constituent Y and any constituent Z which is contained within Y.
![Page 14: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
§2.7 Binding
9/1
4/1
2A
NT
H3
59
0/7
59
0, H
arry H
ow
ard
, Tu
lan
e14
![Page 15: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Data1. My wife knows herself well.2. The father of my wife knows herself well.3. The writer that my wife admires knows
herself well.4. Herself is known well by my wife.5. My wife’s father knows herself well. Binding condition
A bound constituent must be c-commanded by an appropriate antecedent.
9/1
4/1
2
15
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
![Page 16: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
THE EXAMPLE OF EX. 2.1-1, again9
/14
/12
16
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
PP
She will become very fond of herself
PRN T V ADV ADJ P PRN
Adj’
AdjP
VP
T’
TPA constituent X c-commands its sister constituent Y and any constituent Z which is contained within Y.
![Page 17: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
EX. 2.2
9/1
4/1
2
17
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
![Page 18: C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102519/56812a64550346895d8ddd10/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
NEXT TIMEQ2
§2.8 Bare phrase structure
§3.1 - 3.3. Null subjects & null auxiliaries
9/1
4/1
2A
NT
H3
59
0/7
59
0, H
arry H
ow
ard
, Tu
lan
e18