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British India : Traders to Rulers
The Crown Jewel
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East India Company
• 1600s British entered Mughal India (Islamic Empire) as traders—economic interest
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East India Company
• EIC struggled at first, but after defeating the French and the decline (weakening) of the Mughal Empire allowed them to become a dominant force in the region.
• They shipped over British soldiers and hired and trained native soldiers to protect their interests.
• As the EIC grew in strength they started taking hundreds of kingdoms– Alliances– Protectorates– Wars
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Diversity
• Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains, Farsi (Zoroastrian), Christians, Jews, etc.
• India was diverse. 100s of languages and traditions
• “Divide and Rule”• Encouraged competition and disunity.
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Westernization• Created roads, created army, police force etc• Created the idea of “India”• Legal codes • Established roads, transportation, and
communication• Western education and reforms– “Sati” – Widow Burning– “Thagis” – organized murderers who practiced
human sacrifice– Infanticide – Universities
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SATI
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British Rule
• After the loss of the American colonies, the British took great lengths to respected the native’s culture and traditions of their colonies.
• However, as they became more powerful they became more intolerant. Respect was replaced with inequality and mistreatment
• Natives became second class citizens and servants to the British rulers.
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Nationalism in India
Painful road to Self-Rule
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WWI• Indians participated in
WWI – hoping it would lead to greater reforms at home
• No significant reforms were made
• Indians became increasingly unhappy with their rulers
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Amritsar Massacre
• Large peaceful protesters were shot by the British – Killed over 400– Wounded 1100– Women and children
• It upset the Indians even more
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Growing Nationalism
• Indian National Congress– mostly Hindu middle class with western education– believed in a peaceful protest to gain more power
to the Indians (Self-Rule)– Independence of India
• Muslim League—Represented interest of the Muslims – Muslims were afraid of Hindu Majority
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Mohandas K. Gandhi
Leader of the Indian National Congress
Iconic nationalist hero of IndiaHe will unite Indians of different religion and classes to defy the British rule.
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Mohandas K. Gandhi
“Mahatma” (Great Soul) Organized Campaigns• Nonviolence
– Ahimsa – “Non-harming” of all life
• Civil Disobedience– Refusal to obey unjust rule– Boycotting (refusal to buy)
• Equal rights : men, women, and caste– Untouchables : lowest class
in Hindu society
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Civil Disobedience• Salt was monopolized
by the British– It was illegal to take or
sell salt without permission
• Salt March– Gandhi and his followers
made 240 mile march to the sea. Where he picked up lump of sea salt
– Other Indians followed– Gandhi was arrested
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Consequence
• Thousands of Indians were imprisoned, beaten, and killed
• Showed the world the brutality of British Rule
• Indians were gradually given more power
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