Brakefield et al., Nature 1996
Environmental diffs
Genetic diffs
Prairie plant ecotype study (Cooper and Henderson 2002)
Figure 1: Approximate locations of the eight source populations in central Iowa, USA
1 2
3 4
5
6
7
1=Newton 2=C-rem and C-rec 3=Reichelt 4=Richland 5=Turner 6=Hickory 7=Malcolm Scale: 1 inch = 20 mi or 34 km
Lespedeza capitata
Population Plant Height Day 58
Height Day 91
No. Leaves Day 58
No. Leaves Day 91
Leaf Length Day 58
Leaf Length Day 91
Leaf Width Day 58
Leaf Width
Day 91
Turner 6.25 (0.257)
13.11 (2.3)
5.269 (0.245)
11.00 (1.93)
13.481 (0.473)
16.06 (2.02)
9.519 (0.390)
7.72 (0.76)
Richland 6.664 (0.493)
9.67 (2.35)
5.409 (0.284)
8.09 (2.25)
13.636 (0.755)
10.95 (1.74)
9.364 (0.429)
6.409 (0.85)
Reichelt 4.965 (0.538)
14.86 (1.40)
4.529 (0.403)
15.0 (1.53)
11.294 (0.900)
18.53 (1.67)
8.294 (0.761)
8.59 (0.69)
Newton 4.212 (0.369)
16.22 (1.52)
4.280 (0.314)
17.10 (1.64)
12.320 (0.569)
18.60 (1.66)
8.760 (0.466)
9.67 (0.76)
C-rem 4.600 (0.455)
12.96 (1.99)
4.381 (0.348)
12.55 (1.80)
11.548 (0.779)
15.45 (2.23)
8.500 (0.481)
8.773 (0.593)
4.100 (0.563)
14.58 (1.39)
4.412 (0.384)
14.94 (1.46)
11.441 (0.994)
16.438 (0.908)
7.882 (0.727)
8.188 (0.50)
4.993 (0.341)
13.53 (2.58)
4.357 (0.287)
14.00 (2.64)
12.268 (0.622)
15.85 (2.69)
8.732 (0.403)
7.19 (1.21)
M alcolm
Hickory
C-rec 4.604 (0.327)
14.35 (1.13)
5.222 (0.229)
18.48 (1.19)
11.722 (0.595)
18.81 (1.51)
7.907 (0.390)
8.643 (0.642)
Table 1: Mean Values for Measurements of Vegetative Traits:
This table shows the mean values for the first and last days of measurement. Values in bold represent the highest mean for each column. Values on parentheses represent standard errors.
Table 2: ANOVA Output Considering Population and Block Effects Date & Type
of Effects
Vegetative Character
Day 30 Height (cm) Leaf # Leaf Length Leaf Width population 0.000 0.013 0.086 0.131
block 0.105 0.281 0.001 0.002 Day 69
population 0.084 0.001 0.000 0.035 block 0.009 0.130 0.045 0.607
Day 91 population 0.208 0.001 0.066 0.089
block 0.423 0.668 0.621 0.362 * values in bold are significant
The evolutionary importance of heritability
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hirsch Maze
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Tit
Parus major (great tit)
The (faulty) “reasoning” of The Bell Curve
Differences in a phenotypic score among “populations”*
* Note faulty assumption
The (faulty) “reasoning” of The Bell Curve
Heritability of IQ score has been calculated in twin studies - if “genetic component” is removed from each “population,” the remaining variation (within “populations”) is due to environmental diffs.
The (faulty) “reasoning” of The Bell Curve
Murray and Herrnstein conclude that differences between “populations” must be due to genetic differences since quality of environments can’t be this big. *
* This is an example of “argument from incredulity,” rather than from evidence.
The “proper”* experiment
* but not ethical or even worthwhile